BY630型摆动辗压机的PLC控制技术及其程序特点

阐述应用可编程控制器控制BY630型摆动辗压机的控制方式、处理以及控制程序特点。     

An Evaluation of the Influence of Natural Science in Regional-Scale Restoration Projects

Regional-scale restoration is a tool of growing importance in environmental management, and the number, scope, and complexity of restoration programs is increasing. Although the importance of natural science to the success of such projects generally is recognized, the actual use of natural science in these programs rarely has been evaluated. We used techniques of program evaluation to examine the use of natural science in six American and three Western European regional-scale restoration programs. Our results suggest that ensuring the technical rigor and directed application of the science is important to program development and delivery. However, the influence of science may be constrained if strategies for its integration into the broader program are lacking. Consequently, the influence of natural science in restoration programs is greatest when formal mechanisms exist for incorporating science into programs, for example, via a framework for integration of science and policy. Our evaluation proposes a model that can be used to enhance the influence of natural science in regional-scale restoration programs in the United States and elsewhere.     

辐射环境监测优化布点的特征分析方法

介绍了特征分析方法的基本原理及其MATLAB语言实现过程,并将特征分析法、传统布点法,以及BP人工神经网络法对同一地区辐射环境监测优化布点的核素含量均值作了比较,结果表明,用特征分析法优选出的采样点位,其核素含量均值对传统布点法的相对偏差均为负值,且＜10%,即便与BP法相比,也不失其优越性,表明用特征分析法监测一个地区环境辐射平均水平的优化布点是十分理想的.     

陕西安康移民搬迁农户的生计适应策略与适应力感知

从社会-生态系统适应性理论出发,借鉴脆弱性研究中的适应性理论来研究我国易地移民搬迁农户的适应策略和适应力,构建了移民搬迁农户的生计适应性分析框架,并以陕西安康移民搬迁工程为例,通过实地调查和访谈获取了安康搬迁农户的调查数据,分析了安康移民搬迁农户的生计适应策略、适应力感知及其影响因素。分析发现安康移民搬迁农户在搬迁之后采用了四种生计适应策略,即传统生计专业化型、非农专业化、补贴依赖型和多样化生计,这四种类型占全部搬迁农户样本的比例分别为:28.6%、34.3%、18.3%和18.8%。搬迁农户的适应力感知类型与搬迁类型、安置类型存在着统计上的显著差异。尤其是搬迁农户收入等级类型与适应力感知之间存在显著差异,越是高收入户,越表示收入增加,搬迁后"稳得住、能致富"的情况则越好;而贫困户搬迁之后的生计适应、生计安全状况令人担忧。此外,搬迁农户不同的生计适应策略与其适应力感知也存在着统计上的显著差异。总体上看,搬迁之后,非农专业化和传统生计专业化的农户收入减少的更少、表示收入增加的更多、适应力更好,而补贴依赖型、生计多样化型农户的适应状况要差一些。本文进一步采用MULTINOMINAL LOGISTICS回归模型分析了安康移民搬迁农户适应力感知的影响因素。结果显示,政府主导的移民安置方式、搬迁类型、搬迁农户所获得的扶贫项目数对搬迁农户生计适应情况并没有显著的影响,搬迁农户也没有随着搬迁时间的增加而提高其适应力;当地搬迁农户劳动力也存在一些闲置、土地林地需要进一步提高生产经营效率等。当地地方政府仍需要进一步完善移民搬迁方案和对移民搬迁农户的精准帮扶措施,发展后续产业,提高其适应力。     

草原生态补偿:减畜和补偿的对等关系

中国草原生态补偿是通过补助和奖励的政策手段达到减畜和草畜平衡的政策目标,最终使牧民收入不减少的条件下草原退化得到减缓。论文首先从理论上提出一个分析草原生态补偿减畜和补偿对等关系的框架,然后以内蒙古四子王旗查干补力格苏木为例,对草原生态补偿减畜和补偿的对等关系进行了实证分析。实证分析结果表明:因为超载情况存在空间异质性和牧户差异性,实际的超载率较统计的超载率被低估了。补偿在区域总量上是不足够的,维持区域总量补偿足够的草畜平衡奖励标准应为28.5元/hm2。减畜和补偿存在严重的不对等关系,47.9%的资金给了那些不需要减畜的牧户,减畜比例0%;5.5%的资金给了那些需要减畜也愿意减畜的牧户,减畜比例1.2%;46.6%的资金给了那些需要减畜但只愿意部分减畜的牧户,减畜比例98.8%。预期能够实现的减畜比例仅为8.3%,由于牧户超载程度存在显著的差异,预期能够实现的减畜比例对草畜平衡奖励标准和每羊单位损失均不敏感。为了达到草原生态保护的目的,保障减畜的有效达成,应该将超载程度纳入草畜平衡奖励的政策设计中。中小牧户是草原超载的主体,"将超载程度纳入草畜平衡奖励的政策设计"的真正含义是"将草畜平衡奖励向中小牧户做出适当倾斜"。"超越"草畜平衡奖励,减少中小牧户的数量,扩大牧户的草场经营规模,促进牧区牧户的适度规模经营才是实现草原可持续发展的出路所在。     

排污单位自行监测问题剖析及对策建议

自行监测是排污单位落实主体责任必然要求,是生态环境部门环境管理重要方式.回顾我国自行监测发展历程,梳理当前自行监测在监测方案制定、自动监测和委托第三方检测等方面问题,提出了规范自行监测方案制定、审核备案,加强监督检查,探索建立自动监测设备性能综合评价机制,加大自行监测数据分析和应用等方面建议,从而提高自行监测数据质量.     

Contaminant concentrations in whole-body fish and shellfish from US estuaries

Persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) pollutants are chemical contaminants that pose risks to ecosystems and human health. For these reasons, available tissue contaminant data from the US EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program’s National Coastal Assessment were examined to estimate to what areal extent PBTs are found in US estuarine resources. The data document composite, whole-body tissue chemical concentrations for 736 sampling sites across Northeast, Southeast, Gulf of Mexico, and West Coast estuaries. Tissue chemical concentrations were compared to US EPA non-cancer risk guidelines for recreational fishers, because of a lack of ecological guidelines for these chemical concentrations. Samples were analyzed for 23 PAH compounds, 21 PCB congeners, 6 DDT derivatives and metabolites, 14 chlorinated pesticides (other than DDT) and 13 metals, including mercury. Total PCBs were found to exceed recreational fisher guidelines most frequently (31% of samples evaluated), followed by mercury (29%), total PAHs (21%), and DDT and its metabolites, DDD and DDE (11%). Toxaphene, cadmium and dieldrin were found but in fewer than 1% of the samples.     

程序控温石墨消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中总砷

采用程序控温石墨全自动消解仪消解土壤样品,原子荧光光谱法测定总砷。通过试验确定原子荧光光度计的最佳工作条件,使得该方法在2.00μg／L ～20.0μg／L 范围内线性良好,检出限为0.025 mg／kg,加标回收率在96.0％～10^5％之间,RSD为1.9％～3.3％。用该方法与国标法同时测定土壤标准样品和实际样品,结果无显著差异。     

PERT法评估特大桥梁工程施工进度风险

在桥梁工程建设中面临着大而多的风险,尤其是跨海湾特大桥的建设更为突出,因此特大桥梁工程项目风险管理也越来越受到工程建设领域的关注。针对特大桥梁工程施工过程中受各种风险的影响导致施工工序持续时间具有随机性的特点,本文提出了采用逻辑关系确定、活动持续时间不确定的网络计划PERT法来进行施工进度风险评估。该方法主要是假定工序持续时间的不确定性具有β分布的特性,通过计算其数学期望值使之转化为确定网络计划来求得其工期风险,并考虑线路间的相互影响。本文以甬台温高速公路复线工程中一特大桥为研究对象,阐述了PERT法在特大桥梁工程施工进度风险评估中的应用,希望能对该工程以及类似工程的实施提供一些参考。     

Analytic Modeling of Rainwater Harvesting in the Brazilian Semiarid Northeast

During the past two decades, government efforts to provide water access to rural communities in Brazil's semiarid Northeast region have focused on building systems to capture and store rainwater, most importantly through the One Million Cisterns Program (P1MC). This article presents an analytic model based on daily precipitation data to evaluate the sustainability of rainwater capture. Application of this model to analysis of the P1MC reveals the heterogeneous climate in this region causes large spatial variability in the effectiveness of this program. In addition, the size of the area of capture, the run‐off coefficient of the roofs, and the amount of first‐flush diversion also have important effects. This analysis demonstrates while rainwater capture can offer sufficient water for drinking, as a stand‐alone solution it cannot meet P1MC objectives of guaranteeing sustainable and universal access to water for drinking, cooking, and basic hygiene in all regions and years.