环境监测科研管理相关问题探讨

环境监测科研是环境监测的一项基础性工作，是环境监测事业发展的重要保障。加强环境监测科研工作，需要不断探索适合于时代发展和环境监测以及环境管理工作实际情况的环境监测科研管理模式。对环境监测科研管理的内涵和特点进行了分析；对环境监测科研管理部门的定位、环境监测科研管理的科研计划管理、环境监测科研管理中的科研队伍建设等进行了探讨。     

Communication Strategy of Transboundary Air Pollution Findings in a US–Mexico Border XXI Program Project

From 1996 to 1997, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) conducted an air quality study known as the Lower Rio Grande Valley Transboundary Air Pollution Project (TAPP). The study was a US–Mexico Border XXI program project and was developed in response to local community requests on a need for more air quality measurements and concerns about the health impact of local air pollutants; this included concerns about emissions from border-dependent industries in Mexico, known as maquiladoras. The TAPP was a follow-up study to environmental monitoring done by EPA in this area in 1993 and incorporated scientific and community participation in development, review of results, and public presentation of findings. In spite of this, critical remarks were leveled by community activists against the study's preliminary “good news” findings regarding local air quality and the influence of transboundary air pollution. To resolve these criticisms and to refine the findings to address these concerns, analyses included comparisons of daily and near real-time measurements to TNRCC effects screening levels and data from other studies along with wind sector analyses. Reassessment of the data suggested that although regional source emissions occurred and outliers of elevated pollutant levels were found, movement of air pollution across the border did not appear to cause noticeable deterioration of air quality. In spite of limitations stated to the community, the TAPP was presented as establishing a benchmark to assess current and future transboundary air quality in the Valley. The study has application in Border XXI Program or other air quality studies where transboundary transport is a concern since it involved interagency coordination, public involvement, and communication of scientifically sound results for local environmental protection efforts.     

ET值及在美国超级基金项目中的应用

系统介绍了生态毒性阈值ＥＴ的定义，计算方法，在美国超级基金项目的生态风险评价中的应用及应用过程中的注意事项，并简要介绍了由美国环境保护局组织开发的ＥＴ值计算软件的安装及使用，该软件可以通过互联网名费得到。     

基于PHREEQC程序的磷酸铵镁结晶法污水处理工艺模型化研究

为揭示溶液物化参数对磷酸铵镁结晶工艺回收氮、磷的影响,利用地球化学水质模型程序PHREEQC 2.11计算了涵盖实际工况条件下可能存在的溶液体系的磷酸铵镁饱和度指数,对溶液组分的浓度效应进行了模型化热力学评估.模拟溶液体系含磷10～600 mg·L-1、镁24～720 mg·L-1,其氨氮与磷的摩尔比为1～40,温度为25℃,pH值为6.0～12 0.计算结果表明,磷酸铵镁的饱和度指数与氮、磷、镁的质量浓度分别呈对数函数关系,并随任何一个因子的增大而增大;与溶液pH值呈多项式函数关系,结晶反应的最佳pH值为9.0,并随溶液中氨氮与磷摩尔比的增大而略升;此外,磷酸铵镁的饱和度指数与溶液离子强度呈幂函数关系,随离子强度的增大而减小.适当调节溶液的镁盐浓度和控制溶液pH值,是调控磷酸铵镁结晶反应,实现氮、磷回收的2种主要手段.     

3M公司与3P计划

３Ｍ公司是全球著名的跨国企业,公司的长期目标是坚持持续发展,它采取了一系列措施来保护环境,其中最为著名的是７０年代创先推出的一套工业废弃物减量计划,即“３Ｐ”计划。推行１８年中,３Ｍ公司共实施了４２００个“３Ｐ”项目,每年减少５．９×１０＾５ｔ污染物,节省了７．１亿美元。其中“全球废气排放降低计划”,预计在２０００年将３Ｍ公司在美国的废气排放总量降低到６．２ＭＭＬＢＳ,并且使废料产生量降低５０％,     

A Comparison of Landscapes Occupied by Increasing and Decreasing Populations of Grassland Birds

Abstract:  For several decades, many grassland bird species have been declining in abundance throughout the Midwest and Great Plains regions of the United States, possibly due to loss of natural grassland habitat and increasing urbanization. I used 20 years of data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to identify increasing, decreasing, and stable populations of 36 grassland-nesting bird species. I characterized the immediate landscape (circle with radius = 30 km) surrounding each population based on data from the National Resources Inventory. For each landscape, I calculated the proportion of eight different land-cover types: restored grassland, rangeland, cultivated cropland, pasture, noncultivated cropland, forest, urban land, and water. Using a null model, I compared landscape composition of increasing, decreasing, and stable populations. As predicted on the basis of the habitat preferences of grassland birds, increasing populations inhabited landscapes that contained significantly more restored grassland and rangeland but significantly less forest land and urban land than landscapes inhabited by decreasing populations. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cropland within the landscapes of increasing and decreasing populations, although cropland composed a large proportion (>30%) of many landscapes. In contrast, restored grassland typically composed a very small proportion (<3.5%) of total land cover, yet it was significantly more common in the landscapes of increasing than decreasing populations. These results suggest that grassland birds may benefit from government initiatives, such as the Conservation Reserve Program, that promote the restoration of grassland at a landscape scale.     

工业企业可持续发展对策研究——以贵溪冶炼厂为例

以贵溪冶炼厂几个主要阶段的环保投入、对周边环境的影响等为依据。结合可持续发展理论，探讨经济发展与环境保护的相互关系，寻求工业企业可持续发展的模式与对策，总结值得借鉴的经验。     

Evaluation model for developing,implementing, and assessing conservation education programs: Examples from Belize and Costa Rica

Evaluation of conservation education programs can: (1) provide accountability in demonstrating a program's worth, (2) offer an opportunity for receiving feedback and improving programs, (3) further our understanding of the process of program development, and (4) promote conservation education by substantiating claims about its benefits. The Planning-Process-Product systems evaluation model provides feedback needed for making decisions about the development, implementation, and outcome of a program. Planning evaluation was useful in assessing the needs, goals, opportunities, and constraints of a number of programs in Costa Rica and Belize, such as a forestry education project and a zoo outreach program. It provided a basis for making planning decisions incorporating specific objectives, such as the reforestation of a region or a change in knowledge and attitudes in program participants. Process evaluation provided a Costa Rican sustainable development program with feedback during its implementation and enabled it to modify and improve its newsletter for local farmers and its ecology classes for school children. Product evaluation assessed project accomplishments, such as the $700,000 raised by the Children's Rainforest group and the 20 miles of riparian land under conservation management as part of the Belize Community Baboon Sanctuary project. Outcomes are compared with the programs original monetary or land management objectives to determine the success of the programs and to provide feedback for improvement.     

MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF WATER-USE DATA USING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM1

ASSTRACT: As part of its mission, the U.S. Geological Survey conducts water-resources research. Site-specific and aggregate water-use data are used in the Survey's National Water-Use Information Program and in various hydrologic investigations. Both types of activities have specific requirements in terms of water-use data access, analysis, and display. In Kansas, the Survey obtains water-use information from several sources. Trpically, this information is in a format that is not readily usable by the Survey. Geographic information system (GIS) technology is being used to restructure the available water-use data into a format that allows users to readily access and summarize site-specific water-use data by source (i.e., surface or ground water), type of use, and user-defined area.     

安全的公路通向安全的未来——美国公路安全改进计划（HSIP）自评工具概述

本文主要介绍了美国公路安全改进计划（HSIP）的制定背景及其自评工具在领导、管理、规划、实施、评价方面的详细内容和实施方法。同时也描述了如何分析评价结果和制定行动计划，从而最大限度地保障人民群众的生命和财产安全。