Clean energy technology transfer: A review of programs under the UNFCCC

This paper describes the experience andresults of programs designed tooperationalize the technology transferprovisions of the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). These programs share a common goal ofdemonstrating modalities for developedcountry parties to fulfill their obligationunder the UNFCCC to supporttechnology transfer to developing countryparties that facilitates theirparticipation in global efforts to combatclimate changes. Several related U.S.bilateral programs and programs supportedby the Climate Technology Initiative, amultilateral effort on behalf of a numberof Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, are included in thisreview. The discussion highlights a numberof common elements of the approaches ofmany of these programs as well as somedifferences. It presents case studies thatfocus on methods and results in China,Mexico, and Southern Africa, and cataloguesand describes the implementation activitiesand results that these programs haveachieved. It concludes by assessing theimplications of this experience for theinternational community as it moves forwardwith the climate change technology transferenterprise.     

浅议房地产建设项目环境影响评价

房地产建设项目环境影响评价可以从源头控制和预防可能发生的环境污染和环境纠纷，介绍了房地产建设项目环境影响评价的分类，提出了编制环境影响报告书的主要内容，并分析了在房地产建设项目环境影响评价过程中容易忽视的一些问题。     

污水治理方案的研制方法

论述了污水管理方案的主要内容和一般要求，以及必要的实验研究：技术路线、最佳工艺条件、治理效果曲线，提出了研制污水治理方案应注意的几个问题。     

三峡移民的出路在于库区的持续发展

三峡工程移民面临的困难是巨大的。解决三峡工程移民问题的正确战略应该是将库区作为一个综合开发的整体，以库区的持续发展作为移民安置的基础，坚持移民成功应达到的经济标准、社会标准和环境标准，将发展二三产业作为移民就业的重点，按适应２１世纪持续发展的要求，搞好库区基础设施和城镇建设，增加对库区的投入。     

基于AHP LP法的南水北调中线水资源优化配置

水资源是不可替代的重要自然资源和战略性经济资源，水资源优化配置是解决水资源问题的重要手段。为促进区域水资源供需状况相对平衡，按可持续发展的要求，根据区域水资源优化配置的含义和南水北调河北省受水区的具体情况，以有限水资源综合效益最大为目标，考虑水源可供水量、用户需水量和水环境与经济系统协调发展等约束，采用层次分析法与线性规划法相结合的方法，建立了水资源优化配置模型，并对模型的目标函数、约束条件和主要参数确定进行了初步探讨。最后用该模型进行了南水北调河北省受水区2005年和2010年95%保证率下的水资源优化配置研究，并对求解结果进行了分析、评价及展望。结果表明，南水北调工程实施后，能够解决河北省受水区严重缺水的状况。     

水资源开发与生态环境协调发展的实例研究

结合水资源工程的必要性和以三峡工程为代表的水资源工程的环境保护措施，指出水资源开发与生态环境协调发展在理论和实践上的可行性。从防洪、能源安全、可持续发展以及水能资源蕴藏量等方面分析，我国总体水资源有限，而主要江河的中下游地区仍受到洪水威胁，在总体水资源利用程度上与世界平均水平相比还较低。水资源工程可以充分调节和利用水资源，以保障人类社会的可持续发展，但同时也会对河流形态、水文水动力学条件、水生态环境形成多方面的不利影响。为减缓或减免这些不利影响，必须从设计、施工、管理等各方面重视水资源开发与生态环境保护的协调发展。三峡工程是长江干流防洪和水资源利用的骨干工程，该工程从论证、施工及初期运行各个阶段，严格履行环境保护责任和义务，建立相关环境制度和标准，建立环境监测体系，设立科研项目和落实环境保护措施，保证了工程在发挥防洪、航运和发电功能的同时，努力成为环境友好型工程。     

Ecosystem services for water policy: Insights across Europe

In this research we explored how the concepts and approaches of ecosystem services are currently used in water management in Europe, in the application of River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) developed for the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Five case studies have been considered, located in the River Basin Districts of the Po river (Italy), Scotland (United Kingdom), Scheldt river (Belgium), Danube river (Romania), Sado and Mira rivers and Ribeiras do Algarve (Portugal). These cases represent different regional contexts of application of this EU water policy, with specific socio-economic drivers and environmental issues. Each case study has developed an operational framework to analyse ecosystem services in practice together with a group of local stakeholders. In each regional case, we examined how EU water policy and RBMPs are implemented, considered legal and planning instruments from the national to the local scale, and we analysed the use of ecosystem service terms and concepts in the relevant planning instruments. In parallel, we explored the view of local stakeholders and water managers on the topic, collecting their opinion on three major aspects: the usefulness of the concepts and approaches of ecosystem services for WFD river basin management plans, the risks and benefits of their use, and the knowledge needs to put the concepts into practice. The major drawback of the ecosystem service approach seems to be the challenge for practitioners of understanding new concepts and methodologies, while the major advantages are that it highlights all the hidden benefits of a water body in good health and promotes multi-functionality and sustainability in water management. The results of this study provide a picture across Europe of the current use of the concepts of ecosystem services in the RBMP and relevant insight on the opinion of local stakeholders and water managers.     

南水北调中线水源区（南阳市）生态环境敏感性与生态功能重要性研究

河南省南阳市既是南水北调中线工程重要的水源地，也是工程渠首所在地，其生态地位非常重要。在分析影响区域生态环境敏感性和生态系统功能重要性的主要指标基础上，采用定性分析和定量评价方法相结合，进行了水源区生态环境敏感性和生态功能重要性研究。结果表明：研究区属土壤侵蚀中度敏感区；区域的南部丹江口水库库体周围和丹江支流水体周围是重要的水源涵养区，北部山区是重要的生物多样性保护区，库区周围的低山丘陵区是重要的土壤保持区。提出了在生物多样性功能区，禁止滥砍滥伐林木和人为捕猎野生动物；在丹江口水库水源涵养区，要栽植水源涵养林，发展生态农业，控制工业、生活和面源污染；在丹江口库区及周围的浅山丘陵区（土壤保持区），要控制区内植被破坏，退耕还林、还草。     

万家寨引黄工程沿线植物群落优势种群分布格局研究

应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、Green指数、聚集强度和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法,研究了山西万家寨引黄工程优势种群的分布格局,并阐述了各指数间的关系。结果表明:绝大多数自然种群都服从聚集分布,而沙棘、苔草和蒲公英呈随机分布。这主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关,也与物种间的竞争排斥作用有关。在判定物种分布格局的5种方法中,以方差/均值比率和负二项分布的检验联合运用效果较好,不仅生态学意义明显,而且结果具有严格的统计学意义。     

An assessment of China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Agreement’s economic and environmental impacts on China

Recently, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea) are conducting a government-commissioned feasibility study on the Free Trade Agreement among the three countries (CJKFTA) to form a regional free trade zone in East Asia. Considering that freer trade can cause unexpected impact on domestic environment, there is a need to evaluate the environmental impact of such a trade policy. This move should be made to help negotiators understand and pay more attention to environmental issues during CJKFTA negotiations, and to help lobby with the government to carry out appropriate policy instruments for adaptation or mitigation. Following the Chain Reaction Assessment Method that integrates and links the elements of trade, production, and environment, the present research aims to quantitatively assess CJKFTA’s possible impact on China’s environment. This is done by estimating the variations of China’s major conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in two policy scenarios to represent CJKFTA’s scale and composition effects on China’s environment. Estimating the variations is based on a static Computable General Equilibrium model, working with Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 7 database and China’s energy-environment statistics. Based on these assessments, CJKFTA is predicted to lead to notable environmental impact, including increased emissions of agricultural total nitrogen, agricultural total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and GHGs. On the other hand, decreased emissions of industrial SO₂ and dust are also expected to happen. Suitable policies need to be made to combat negative effects and amplify positive ones, while aiming at a more sustainable regional freer trade system.