万家寨引黄工程沿线植物群落优势种群分布格局研究

应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、Green指数、聚集强度和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法,研究了山西万家寨引黄工程优势种群的分布格局,并阐述了各指数间的关系。结果表明:绝大多数自然种群都服从聚集分布,而沙棘、苔草和蒲公英呈随机分布。这主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关,也与物种间的竞争排斥作用有关。在判定物种分布格局的5种方法中,以方差/均值比率和负二项分布的检验联合运用效果较好,不仅生态学意义明显,而且结果具有严格的统计学意义。     

三峡工程拉动湖北经济发展分析

三峡工程建设的巨额投资及由此产生的巨大市场需求,犹如核极的巨大能量,成圈层状由三峡地区扩展至宜昌、恩施等鄂西地区,辐射到武汉、荆州、荆门、襄樊、黄石、鄂州等鄂中、鄂北、鄂东地区,拉动了湖北省国内生产总值的增长,湖北省内四大市场的发育和壮大,大型骨干企业的技术进步与技术改造,以及高新技术产业的崛起。2002年,包括秭归、兴山、巴东、夷陵四县区的湖北三峡地区国内生产总值达到140.44亿元,按可比价格计算(下同),比1992年增长7.36倍,年均增长19.1%;全社会固定资产投资达到37.31亿元,增长10.42倍,年均增长26.4%;工农业总产值达到137.41亿元,增长4.67倍,年均增长16.7%;工业总产值达到102.93亿元,增长6.31倍,年均增长20.2%;农业总产值达到34.48亿元,增长1.45倍,年均增长3.8%;财政收入6.47亿元,增长3.61倍,年均增长13.7%;农民人均纯收入1 965元,增长3.64倍,年均增长13.8%。三峡工程坝区、库区所在地的宜昌市、恩施州,在枢纽工程建设和移民工程投资拉动下,经济发展迅速。2002年,宜昌市、恩施州国内生产总值分别比1992年增长5.87倍、4.14倍;全社会固定资产投资增长8.89倍、8.14倍;工农业总产值增长4.78倍、4.6倍;财政收入增长2.26倍、1.52倍;农民人均纯收入3.51倍、3.05倍。湖北企业积极参加三峡工程竞标与建设,对湖北省国内生产总值的增长产生了重要的积极影响。经统计测算, 湖北省企业承接三峡工程项目年均合同金额为35.85亿元,最高年份的1997年达到86.57亿元,最低年份的1993年为21.4亿元;对湖北国内生产总值绝对增加值增长的影响最高年份达18.07%,最低年份为6.22%,10年平均值为8.59%。     

三峡工程的能值足迹与生态承载力

应用水电工程的能值足迹模型,构建生态盈余（EP）、生态影响系数（γ）、生态平衡时间（T_e）、生态盈余时间（T_s）参数,实现对三峡工程建设期和运行期生态效应的定量评价。研究表明：1）三峡工程建设期的能值足迹占用为5.92×10⁸ hm²,水库移民是其主要方面（占56.12%）,做好移民工作是三峡工程成败的关键。2）2014年,三峡工程的生态承载力供给为4.38×10⁷ hm²,对社会、经济和环境贡献最大的是水力发电（占59.48%）,其次是库区航运、对下游的补水和防洪效益,分别占15.45%、9.74%和7.36%。3）库区水质污染是三峡工程运行期的最大影响因素,每年的能值足迹占用为1.04×10⁷ hm²（占70.94%）,其中,COD、TN、TP和Hg分别占28.7%、26.50%、5.75%和5.37%;其次是生态及地质灾害等的防治（占21.68%）;泥沙淤积的影响比预计的小（占6.20%）。控制入库水污染物并对已经入库的水污染物采取减量化措施,是控制和减小三峡工程对社会、经济和环境影响的关键。4）在维持2012—2014年平均投入产出、合理使用年限为150 a的情况下,三峡工程将在2026年实现生态平衡;生态影响系数为0.15,影响等级为Ⅰ级,三峡工程对社会、经济和环境的影响是积极有利的。     

An assessment of China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Agreement’s economic and environmental impacts on China

Recently, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea) are conducting a government-commissioned feasibility study on the Free Trade Agreement among the three countries (CJKFTA) to form a regional free trade zone in East Asia. Considering that freer trade can cause unexpected impact on domestic environment, there is a need to evaluate the environmental impact of such a trade policy. This move should be made to help negotiators understand and pay more attention to environmental issues during CJKFTA negotiations, and to help lobby with the government to carry out appropriate policy instruments for adaptation or mitigation. Following the Chain Reaction Assessment Method that integrates and links the elements of trade, production, and environment, the present research aims to quantitatively assess CJKFTA’s possible impact on China’s environment. This is done by estimating the variations of China’s major conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in two policy scenarios to represent CJKFTA’s scale and composition effects on China’s environment. Estimating the variations is based on a static Computable General Equilibrium model, working with Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 7 database and China’s energy-environment statistics. Based on these assessments, CJKFTA is predicted to lead to notable environmental impact, including increased emissions of agricultural total nitrogen, agricultural total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and GHGs. On the other hand, decreased emissions of industrial SO₂ and dust are also expected to happen. Suitable policies need to be made to combat negative effects and amplify positive ones, while aiming at a more sustainable regional freer trade system.     

Two-dimensional habitat modeling of Chinese sturgeon spawning sites

Since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam in the 1980s, the number of Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River has been rapidly declining. The Gezhouba Dam has cutoff the migration path of these sturgeon, resulting in an overall reduction of suitable sturgeon habitat. This paper describes a habitat suitability index model that is used to evaluate the impacts of the Gezhouba Dam and Three Gorges Project on Chinese sturgeon spawning sites. Based on research concerning the reproduction characteristics of Chinese sturgeon, ten major ecological factors that influence reproduction were analyzed, including: water temperature, velocity, water depth, substrate, suspended sediment concentration, and the amount of egg predatory fish. The suitability index (SI) curves based on these ten ecological factors were obtained, and a habitat suitability function was developed. A two-dimensional mathematical model was also created to simulate and predict physical habitat situation (such as hydraulic, sediment, and substrate) of the Chinese sturgeon. By coupling the habitat suitability function and a two-dimensional mathematical model, a habitat suitability index model for Chinese sturgeon was established. The habitat suitability index model was validated by comparing measured data with predictions from the model. These comparisons showed that the computed results agreed well with the measured results, and the high calculated habitat suitability index (HSI) corresponded to high measured quantity of eggs per unit (1000 m³) discharge (CPUE_d). The calculated habitat suitability index for Chinese sturgeon also showed that the habitat suitability index was better in 1999, before the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project, compared with the habitat suitability in 2003. Simulation results of different discharges from Gezhouba Dam predicted that flow discharges between 10,000 and 30,000 m³/s were most suitable for sturgeon spawning.     

西气东输工程的环境协同效应研究

协同效应研究是气候变化政策研究的新领域,也是非常重要的领域.西气东输工程的主要目的是为我国中东部地区输送丰富的天然气资源,但其实施同时也有助于减少东部地区大气污染物排放,改善大气质量.利用较成熟的中国区域环境与经济综合评价模型(AIM-LOCAL/China模型),从用气项目的SO₂和CO₂排放的常规情景(BAU)和利用天然气后的情景(NGS)两方面进行了量化比较,分析西气东输工程的环境协同效应.研究发现:在用气项目的范围内,NGS情景下的SO₂排放相比BAU情景明显减少,同时CO₂等温室气体排放也大幅减少.2003-2020年,累计可以减排约312×104 t SO₂和3 475×104 t CO₂,分别比BAU情景减排40.5%和17.9%.从4个用气部门来看,不论是SO₂还是CO₂,电力部门用气项目的减排量都占突出位置.      

长江三峡工程对丰都县的影响

本文就长江三峡工程之兴建,对本丰都县经济与生态环境将产生的影响进行了探讨,并提出解决问题的主要对策。     

三峡库区奉节县土地承载力与移民安置

人口环境容量的研究是提高移民安置工作科学性的基础，通过对四川奉节县人口及土地资源调查数据的分析，考察了三峡水库淹没对库区人口环境容量的缩减；对库区不同区域，不同类型的土地对人口的承载能力进行定量分析；研究了移民安置与环境容量的关系；探讨了通过大农业和通过城镇化、非农化等方式安置农村移民的对策。     

南水北调东线工程输水沿线浮游动物种类与分布

对南水北调东线工程输水沿线布设8个站点，于2005年7月进行了浮游动物调查，共检出浮游动物43种，分析了浮游动物的种群组成以及种类分布、密度分布和生物量分布之特点。     

南水北调中线工程陕西水源区生态补偿机制研究

构建受水区补偿与水源区生态环境保护的互动关系对跨流域调水生态服务市场的形成及饮用水源的保护具有关键性的作用。论文以南水北调中线陕西水源区为研究对象,分析陕西水源区保护生态环境与生存权、发展权的矛盾,明确了生态补偿的思路、客体、主体;计算分析了陕西水源区的水土保持生态补偿标准及受水区与水源区之间的补偿资金的分摊比例;依据国家生态补偿政策、法律条文及陕西水源区生态功能区的特点提出了多元化、多层次的补偿途径。