环境污染的经济分析及对策

本文对造成环境污染的经济学原因进行了分析 ,指出单纯依靠政府干预或单纯依靠市场都难以达到有效率地控制污染 ,只有通过政府干预 ,明确环境资源产权 ,才能利用市场机制优化环境资源配置     

基于水排污权交易的流域生态补偿研究

市场导向的流域生态补偿措施是政府补偿机制下的对流域水资源进行生态补偿的重要措施,市场导向的补偿措施之一是构建基于水排污权交易的市场体系,目前这一体系的理论构架尚未建立。本文尝试通过借鉴碳排放交易体系来构建流域内水排污权交易市场,探讨对中国现阶段以政府补偿为主要内容的流域生态补偿进行补充。本文在借鉴欧盟碳排放交易体系(EU ETS)三阶段改革内容基础上,结合水污染排放特征,构建了流域内水排污权交易市场,并通过建立流域生态补偿模型,基于考察流域内上、下游排污企业进行水排污权交易的内在动因,从理论层面分析水排污权交易市场运行机制。研究表明,水排污权交易市场同样可采用"总量控制与交易"机制,其基本要素包括水污染排放上限、覆盖范围、配额分配方式、交易保障体系、法律基础等;水排污权交易市场是对现有流域生态补偿机制的补充,形成了"政府宏观调控为主导、市场机制有效补充"的协同模式;上游地区企业获得的生态补偿主要源于分配得到的水排污权,市场机制能够激励上游地区污染减排。最后,本文提出水排污权交易市场体系应该从以下几个方面进行推进:制定排污权交易的相关法律法规,从法律上界定排放权的所有权和可交易性质;水排污权交易的市场定位仅是对现有流域生态补偿机制的有效补充,决不能忽视政府补偿在生态补偿中的主导作用;水排污权交易不局限于某个地区内部,而应该分流域建立水排污权交易,从而实现跨界流域生态补偿;流域生态补偿需兼顾补偿与惩罚机制,通过制度设计激励污染减排。     

城市水源地建设中的水权交易理论与实践述评

水源地是城市水资源可持续供给的重要空间载体。伴随城市化的快建发展，城市水资源供求压力日起紧张，城市水源地在保障城市水资源可持续供给方面的作用日益突出。本文从城市化过程中的水资源需求变化出发，揭示水源地在城市可持续发展中的战略地位，评析我国水桓交易的理论研究进展，在此基础上提出我国城市水源地建设保护过程中水权交易的走势判断。     

WATER USE CONFLICT NEAR MADISON,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: Nebraska statutes give first preference for use of ground water to domestic purposes, second to agriculture, and third to manufacturing or industrial purposes. Rapid growth in the number of irrigation wells has caused an increasing number of water use conflicts. One such conflict arose from the installation and use of an irrigation well near Madison in Madison County, Nebraska. Pumping from the irrigation well coincided with head declines in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel, but appeared unrelated to water level changes in wells screened in a higher saturated sand. A drawdown-recovery test was performed to determine the degree of hydraulic connection between the wells involved. Operation of the irrigation well was determined to be the cause of the head decline in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel. Partly as a result of this conflict, legislation recently introduced into the state legislature would require that wells of higher preference be “reasonably” constructed if wells of lower preference are to be held liable for head loss.     

水资源权属管理改革形势下水权确权登记制度研究

水资源作为一种公共资源,由于其产权制度的不明晰,导致水资源的利用效率低下,污染和浪费现象严重,水环境形势严峻,水资源权属管理制度亟需改革。水资源权属管理应该重点关注水资源的使用权,包括取水权、农村集体经济组织水使用权、少量用水权和应急用水权。水资源确权登记是水资源权属管理改革中的基础和根本环节。文章通过演化博弈模型构建用水户之间的复制动态和进化稳定策略,论证建立水资源确权登记制度的理论支撑,结果表明一个区域内取水量越小,采取超额取水策略的用水户比例越大,当采取超额取水策略的用水户比例较高时,区域内各个用水户的期望收益和整体期望收益都较低,极易造成水资源使用过程中的用水矛盾冲突,而用水户采取限额取水策略能够增加总体的期望收益。本文明确了水资源产权确权与登记制度的主要含义,重点研究了水资源确权登记的范围包括取水权和农村集体经济组织水使用权,并在此基础上明确了取水权和用水权的确权主体和确权内容、水权确权登记的机关、确权和登记的具体程序,提出水资源确权在整个确权登记过程处于主导地位,而登记是取水权交易的前提条件,在此基础上提出对当前取水许可制度进行改革,按照产权制度的要求,强化水权的权属管理和水权的法律保护。据此,本文提出中央机构应与地方政府相互配合,明确分工,密切结合实际,做好水资源确权登记工作,改善水资源权属管理混乱的现状,加快水资源权属管理改革。     

Optimal environmental policy for waste disposal and recycling when firms are not compliant

We investigate a model that considers disposal and recycling activities after the consumption of products. In the field, the deposit–refund (D–R) policy has been considered as an ideal policy for internalizing disposal costs, which can result in the realization of the first-best policy. However, the possibility of firms' illegal disposal has been neglected. We introduce a monitoring cost to prevent firms from disposing of collected residuals illegally and induce the second-best D–R policy. We find that the relation between the monitoring problem for firms and the price of the recycling market brings about a variation in the optimal level of the refunds (which is typically smaller than the first-best level). Further, we investigate an alternative policy that requires producers to take-back residuals and show how this policy works equivalently to the second-best D–R policy by applying the theory of the tradable rights market.     

基于奖优罚劣的省区初始水权优化配置

针对我国最严格水资源管理制度要求,研究省区初始水权优化配置模型。首先,基于流域经济效益、省区排污权协调性等建立目标函数,根据流域排污总量构建约束条件,建立多目标省区初始排污权免费分配模型;其次,将排污权嵌入初始水量权配置中,根据奖优罚劣机制构建省区初始水权配置模型;最后,以太湖流域为研究背景进行实证研究。结果表明:太湖流域规划年2030年在75%来水频率下,基于流域可分配初始水权总量为363.3亿m~3和排污量为54.46亿m~3的限制,江苏、浙江和上海初始水权配置量分别为135.19亿m~3,129.21亿m~3和98.89亿m~3。本文的模型通过奖优罚劣函数,把超标或未超标排污的外部性内化到水量分配上,实现了水量权与排污权分配的统一,可为其它流域开展同类研究提供借鉴。     

准市场条件下的水权交易双层动态博弈定价机制实证研究

在经济新常态背景下,水资源的准公共产品特征具有更加重要的管理价值,如何依托市场与行政的两手发力,提升我国水资源管理水平,更好地服务于"两个百年"奋斗目标,具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。水权交易制度是利用市场与行政手段提高水资源利用率,解决人水冲突的重要技术手段,如何在准市场条件下构建符合我国国情的水权交易定价机制已成为实现水权交易制度的核心技术。因此,针对政府-企业-公众等多利益相关者参与下的水权交易定价问题,本文引入生态经济学理论构建了水权价值测度模型,进而引入合作博弈理论,构建了准市场条件下的水权交易双层动态博弈定价模型,主要包括买方政府和卖方政府的微分博弈模型,以及买方政府与水务公司的Nash-Bargaining合作定价模型,运用HJB条件求解多利益相关者合作框架下的水权交易均衡水价空间,进而以江西省萍乡市水权交易实践为例开展实证研究,结果表明:均衡水价主要受上级政府协调能力k、水量需求系数β影响,且均为正相关,针对萍乡实践而言,由于水量需求主要体现在中长期发展规划阶段,上级政府协调能力显著性强于水量需求系数;均衡水价随着上级政府协调能力k值增大呈现由快转慢再转快的趋势,整体服从逻辑函数分布,均衡水价随着水量需求系数β的增大呈现由快转慢趋势,整体服从对数函数分布,针对萍乡实践而言,水权交易中市场与行政力量的两手发力存在稳定状态,二者缺一不可;随着议价能力系数提高,Nash-Bargaining的水权交易价格随之升高,表明政府与公司之间的合作关系对水价具有直接的影响能力。     

变革中的中国水资源管理

水资源短缺是世界面临的共同危机,是制约国民经济健康稳定发展的重要“瓶颈”,水资源的可持续利用已经成为经济社会可持续发展的基础性、战略性问题.缓解水资源供需矛盾的关键是加强水资源的管理.文章回顾了中国水资源管理制度的发展演变历程:只管工程的非正式水资源管理、行政命令为主的正式制度萌芽、取水许可管理和基于水权的正规制度管理等四个阶段.尽管在确立以流域管理和区域管理相结合的综合管理体制,建立以水量分配、取水许可、水资源论证为主要内容的水权管理制度和以全成本核算为原则的水价管理制度等方面成绩显著,水资源管理中仍存在水资源权属不清、水环境权得不到保障等问题.今后中国水资源改革,首先应继续深化水权改革,推动水权明晰化,建立水权交易制度;其次,健全水环境权的法律法制规范,提供相关的法律保障;最后,完善部门间的合作协调机制,真正实现对水的协同管理.     

Environmental Rights: on the Perspective of Harmonious Development between Human Beings and Nature

The idea of environmental rights was first ascertained as a universal concern in the late 20th century and then became a fundamental part of environmental law along with the growth of serious disasters brought by the frequent occurrence of extreme environmental crisis. Generally speaking, the environmental rights safeguard and defend human rights and ultimately facilitate producing better conditions of life on earth by stretching and expanding the theory of traditional human rights. But there are endless debates since environmental rights appeared and various views of environmental rights, such as anthropocentric doctrine and organism's centre doctrine. Differentiated from the traditional research, this article reviewed environmental rights from the perspective of harmonious development between human beings and nature rather than from the perspective of law. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the relationship between human beings and nature based on the environmental rights and to promote the environmental rights to be embodied in the constitution. This article emphasized the importance of the practical significance of environmental rights, and built a concrete structure within the legal system that could promote the transformation of environmental law from ‘should have’ right to practical right, and promote the further development of environmental rights and their weightiness in the legal system.