羽序灯心草作为酸性矿山废弃地先锋植物潜力

生态复垦是当前世界各国酸性矿山废弃地修复的主要方法.通过研究云南来利山锡矿区废弃地土壤pH值、肥力特征及重金属含量,以及矿区生长的羽序灯心草形态特征和植株体内重金属的分布特征,分析植株耐酸性、对废弃地土壤肥力的适应性及对Zn和Cu等重金属污染的耐性,探讨其作为酸性矿山废弃地先锋植物的潜力.结果表明,研究区域根际土壤pH值均值范围为3.46～4.01,呈酸性;土壤中有机质、全钾、全磷和速效磷含量分别为10.28～25.75g·kg~(-1)、 8.84～9.32g·kg~(-1)、 0.56～0.63g·kg~(-1)和1.82～5.72mg·kg~(-1),处于较低水平;土壤中Zn、Cu和Fe含量均值范围分别为54.93～114.49、 92.53～127.59和47 133.60～112 259.63 mg·kg~(-1),其中重金属Cu含量超出风险筛选值1.85～2.55倍;研究区域羽序灯心草株高均值范围为43.77～55.42 cm,对照组植株高度为51.38～57.66 cm,无显著差异,表明羽序灯心草具有耐酸性及对重金属污染具有耐性.进一步分析对重金属Cu和Zn的富集能力和转移特征,发现对Cu和Zn都具有富集能力,且对Zn具有运转能力,具有一定的富集吸收潜力.株高与根际土壤中速效磷的含量显著相关,后期羽序灯心草作为先锋植物在矿山废弃地进行种植时,可针对性地补充含速效磷的肥料改善土壤肥力条件.综合分析结果表明,羽序灯心草作为先锋植物修复酸性矿山废弃地具有巨大潜力.     

渤海湾北部海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫(AVS)的研究

测定了渤海湾北部海域10个站位表层沉积物样品的酸可挥发性硫（AVS）和同步浸提重金属（SEM）含量,对AVS、SEM和SEM-AVS的平面分布和相互关系进行了分析,结果表明：该海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为1．02～13．68μmol／g,平均值为3．43μmol／g;SEM含量范围为1.92～2．96μmol／g,平均值为2．22μmol／g。调查海域沉积物的SEM-AVS与AVS具有较好的线性相关性,SEM-AVS〈0的区域位于调查海域的东北部的养殖区,养殖区沉积物重金属是安全的。0〈SEM-AVS〈5的区域分布于调查海域的西北-东南方向海域,该方向海域沉积物可能存在重金属的中等毒性。     

铊在矿物胶体和天然有机质界面上迁移转化行为的研究进展

铊(Tl)是典型的毒害重金属元素之一,对生物体的毒性高于Hg、Cd和Pb等元素。铊在天然水环境相关介质中的背景含量较低,但可通过各种工业活动大量进入水体环境,借由水体迅速迁移扩散,对生态系统造成巨大的环境隐患。本文总结了铊在水体中的分布特征,并重点阐述了铊在矿物胶体和天然有机质(腐殖酸)等界面上迁移转化行为的研究进展。研究表明,铁(氢)氧化物、锰(氢)氧化物均能在一定程度上吸附水体中的Tl(I),铊在一些锰(氢)氧化物表面的吸附行为可能会涉及Tl(I)在矿物表面的氧化还原机制。矿物表面对铊离子的吸附作用不仅与矿物的组成成分有关,还可能与矿物组成成分的晶型结构密切相关。天然有机质对铊迁移转化影响作用的研究目前主要偏重天然腐殖酸对铊的络合作用。因此,要加强的研究铊分别在不同种类、不同晶型的矿物和不同类型的天然有机质界面上的迁移转化行为,并借助高精度的价态和结构分析手段从分子水平上探讨其迁移转化机理。了解铊在水体中的迁移转化有助于深入认识铊的环境地球化学行为,并为研究铊的污染治理提供理论基础。     

磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙溶液的研究

以磷钨酸为光催化刺，在紫外灯照射下。对模拟染料废水甲基橙溶液进行光催化降解，并研究了催化剂加入量、pH值、甲基橙初始浓度和外加氧化剂H2O2对光催化降解效果的影响。结果表明，磷钨酸光催化剂加入量为300mg／100mL，pH=2．5时，甲基橙溶液的降解率明显高于其他pH值的降解率；在较低浓度下，甲基橙溶液的光催化降解反应符合一级动力学方程；外加氧化剂H2O2可提高光催化反应速率。     

Decomposition of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) by heterogeneous photocatalysis in acidic aqueous medium

Decomposition of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) is of prime importance since they are recognized as persistent organic pollutants and are widespread in the environment. PFCAs with longer carbon chain length are particularly of interest because of their noted recalcitrance, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Here in this study, we demonstrate efficient decomposition of three important PFCAs such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) by heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO₂ as a photocatalyst in acidic aqueous solutions. The PFCAs were decomposed into shorter carbon chain length PFCAs and fluoride ions. Photoholes of excited TiO₂ generated upon UV-irradiation are found to be the oxidation sites for PFCAs. Therefore, creation and sustenance of these photoholes in the acidic aqueous medium has enhanced the decomposition of PFCAs. Heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment achieved more than 99% decomposition and 38% complete mineralization of PFOA in 7 h. The decomposition of other PFCAs was as high as 99% with a defluorination efficiency of 38% for PFDA and 54% for PFNA. The presence of perchloric acid was found to enhance the decomposition by facilitating the ionization of PFCAs. The oxygen present in the medium served both as an oxidant and an electron acceptor. The mechanistic details of PFCA decomposition and their corresponding mineralization are elaborated.     

深圳湾海域沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物与重金属生态风险评价

测定了深圳湾海域10个站点表层沉积物中的AVS、TOC和同步浸提重金属(SEM)的含量,对AVS、SEM的平面分布及AVS与SEM和TOC的相互关系进行了分析。结果表明:深圳湾海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为0.06～7.41μmol/g,平均值为2.51μmol/g;SEM含量范围为0.71～5.15μmol/g,平均值为3.06μmol/g;AVS与SEM的平面分布较一致,呈从湾顶到湾中向湾外逐渐递减的明显趋势。调查海域AVS与SEM和TOC间具有良好的线性相关性,大多数站点∑SEM-AVS的差值均0<(∑SEM-AVS)<5,说明该海域可能存在重金属的中等毒性生态风险。     

聚硅氯化铝混凝剂中Al(Ⅲ)水解聚合历程及铝硅作用特性研究

采用共聚与复合两种制备工艺，制备出了系列具有不同碱化度和不同Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝混凝剂，分析研究了ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ（Ⅲ）的水解－聚合历程以及聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物的相互作用，探讨了ＰＡＳＣ溶液的酸解聚。     

滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质及其主要组分的紫外-可见与三维荧光光学特性

利用紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,结合土壤腐殖质及腐殖质组分(胡敏酸、富里酸)中的有机碳含量,研究了滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质及其组分胡敏酸和富里酸的光谱特征.结果表明,滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质中富里酸含量高于胡敏酸,流域范围内土壤活性腐殖质及其组分含量分布不均匀,活性腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量的变异系数分别达37.7%、36.4%、40.9%.土壤活性腐殖质及其组分胡敏酸和富里酸的碳含量均表现为菜地荒地草地湿地.光谱特征结果表明,滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质主要由自生源物质和经一定程度降解后的外源物质共同组成.此外,自生源性与光化学及生物活性具有正相关关系.因此,具有弱自生源性的滇池流域土壤活性腐殖质所具有的光化学和生物活性较弱.     

煤矸石酸雨淋滤特征的研究

本文对重庆中梁山煤矸石在自然酸度和模拟酸雨下静态态及动态淋溶特征进行了研究。结果表明,淋出液成弱碱性,其中的铅、锌、铬、镍、铜和铁等元素的浓度均超过了水综合排放标准和地面水环境质量标准规定的阈值;在模拟酸雨中上述离子的溶出能力强于在于蒸溜水中;温度升高时各元素及总离子的淋出量增大。     

Effects of Acid Rain on Competitive Releases of Cd, Cu, and Zn from Two Natural Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China

Leaching experiments of rebuilt soil columns with two simulated acid rain solutions (pH 4.6–3.8) were conducted for two natural soils and two artificial contaminated soils from Hunan, south-central China, to study effects of acid rain on competitive releases of soil Cd, Cu, and Zn. Distilled water was used in comparison. The results showed that the total releases were Zn>Cu>Cd for the natural soils and Cd>Zn≫Cu for the contaminated soils, which reflected sensitivity of these metals to acid rain. Leached with different acid rain, about 26–76% of external Cd and 11–68% external Zn were released, but more than 99% of external Cu was adsorbed by the soils, and therefore Cu had a different sorption and desorption pattern from Cd and Zn. Metal releases were obviously correlated with releases of TOC in the leachates, which could be described as an exponential equation. Compared with the natural soils, acid rain not only led to changes in total metal contents, but also in metal fraction distributions in the contaminated soils. More acidified soils had a lower sorption capacity to metals, mostly related to soil properties such as pH, organic matter, soil particles, adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻, exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺, and contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃.