黄海近岸底栖贝类体内典型有机污染物分布

根据第二次全国海洋污染基线凋查数据,确定黄海近岸底栖贝类体内典型有机污染物的含量、分布及其潜在的生态风险.结果表明,在35%以上的站点,物种体内石油烃含量超过国家海洋生物质量第一类标准(15 000 ng/g),大连湾附近海域贝类体内含量甚至高出第二类标准(50 000 ng/g).在威海、大连湾和胶州湾出现多环芳烃和酞酸酯少数相对高值站点(300 ng/g左右),而其它大多数站点贝类体内多环芳烃和酞酸酯的含量都较低.中、高环组分占优指示近岸海区的多环芳烃主要来源于热解过程;二丁基酞酸酯和2-乙基己基酞酸酯是酞酸酯的主要组分.在所有站点,底栖贝类体内PCBs的含量普遍很低(<10 ng/g).贝类体内DDTs含量超过第一类标准(10 ng/g)的站点大部分集中在南黄海沿岸,海州湾内一站点已超出第二类标准(100 ng/g),而组分以代谢产物DDD和DDE为主.在所有站点的贝类体内都有p,p'-DDT检出,尤其在北黄海的大连湾和蓬莱附近海区(比例高于50%),指示周边地区存在潜在的DDT输入源.据此,大连湾、威海、胶州湾沿岸贝类体内石油烃和多环芳烃含量较高,胶州湾、海州湾附近海域贝类体内DDTs含量较高,这些属于较高生态风险区,而大连湾、蓬莱近岸可能的DDT新输入对底栖环境构成一定威胁.     

Perceived barriers to and drivers of community participation in protected‐area governance

Protected areas (PAs) are a frequently used conservation strategy, yet their socioeconomic impacts on local communities remain contentious. A shift toward increased participation by local communities in PA governance seeks to deliver benefits for human well‐being and biodiversity. Although participation is considered critical to the success of PAs, few researchers have investigated individuals’ decisions to participate and what this means for how local people experience the costs and benefits of conservation. We explored who participates in PA governance associations and why; the perceived benefits and costs to participation; and how costs and benefits are distributed within and between communities. Methods included 3 focus groups, 37 interviews, and 217 questionnaire surveys conducted in 3 communities and other stakeholders (e.g., employees of a nongovernmental organization and government officials) in PA governance in Madagascar. Our study design was grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the most commonly applied behavior model in social psychology. Participation in PA governance was limited by miscommunication and lack of knowledge about who could get involved and how. Respondents perceived limited benefits and high costs and uneven distribution of these within and between communities. Men, poorer households, and people in remote villages reported the highest costs. Our findings illustrate challenges related to comanagement of PAs: understanding the heterogeneous nature of communities; ensuring all households are represented in governance participation; understanding differences in the meaning of forest protection; and targeting interventions to reach households most in need to avoid elite capture.     

汉江流域秦巴山区中药材资源优势与持续发展

汉江流域秦巴山区生态环境复杂，生物多样性突出，中药材资源丰富，具有很大优势，主要表现在：种类多；产量大；多名优特种类。中药材生产对山区经济发展起重要作用。中药材生产持 拟采取下列措施或途径；建设专门化生产基地；进行综合性经营；加强对野生资源保护性利用；加强科研工作。     

Ecological features of species range formation in the Altai snowcock

Ecological conditions for the Altai snowcock and the history of formation of its range in the Altai-Sayan mountain region are discussed. The range of this species extends mainly over mountain massifs surrounding the Great Lakes Basin in western Mongolia and the Tuva Basin. These regions are characterized by broken relief with steep slopes. Snowcocks populate both humid high-mountain areas of the Alpine type and dry-steppe areas in middle and low mountains. Expansion of this species to the Altai-Sayan region is attributed to Miocene-Pliocene aridization well manifested in central Asia. The recent distribution of the Altai snowcock over different altitudinal belts is explained by alternation of glaciations and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene and anthropogenic impact in the Holocene. The total abundance of this rare species is estimated at 10000–12000 individuals.     

红壤地区小流域开发治理研究——以玉山县宅前小流域为例

本文以玉山县宅前小流域开发治理规划为例,指出红壤地区小流域治理指导思想和应遵循原则,提出以山顶及坡度≥25°山坡营造防护林,坡度<25°山坡实行等高开垦为水土保持措施;同时兴修水利,建立山地灌溉体系,努力提高劳动者素质,加速区域经济发展,此小流域开发治理将为我国南方未开发的红壤地区充分利用自然资源提出一个典范。     

我国农业与农村可持续发展的制度创新

我国农业与农村可持续发展的核心问题是农民收入问题。只有切实提高农民的收入水平。才能有效地增加农民购买力，从而增加农业生产资料的投入。进而保证粮食增产。我国农业与农村可持续发展存在的两个矛盾是小农经济与市场经济社会化的矛盾以及小农经济与科技化之间的矛盾。面临的两个分离是家庭经济与集体经济的分离以及传统供销合作社与农民利益的分离。增加农民收入的规模经济论与乡镇企业论的确有成功的典范．但是。对我国更多的农村地区来讲．不具有普遍意义。我国农业和农村可持续发展的关键有两个．一是符合区域特色的区域农业专业化．二是通过专业合作社的制度创新．将分散的家庭组织起来．以解决家庭小生产与大市场之间的巨大矛盾。     

城市内河环境综合整治工程环境影响评价探讨

以南宁市竹排冲环境综合整治工程为例,探讨此类建设项目中施工扬尘、噪声、固废物处置及水土流失、底泥疏浚与处置的环境影响评价要点;针对项目施工期的环境影响和营运期对河流生态系统的影响,提出切实可行的环保措施和建议。     

蒙山茶业发展中的生态环境问题与对策刍议

分析了蒙山茶业生态环境特征，指出目前传统茶区存在的弊病，提出在蒙山建立生态茶区的重要性及其具体措施。     

特殊区域和特别敏感海域

特殊区域和特别敏感海域是国际海事组织提出了两个环境概念。文中就这两个概念的定义、起源、鉴定的标准和程序以及适用的保护措施进行分析、论述，并提出自己见解。     

全国2018~2019年秋冬季气象条件变化对PM2.5影响研究

本文基于WRF-CMAQ模型定量分析了气象条件变化对PM_2.5的影响.全国337个城市2018~2019秋冬季气象条件转差导致PM_2.5平均浓度同比上升约5.55%.24个省市气象条件同比转差，北京气象转差致使PM_2.5同比上升约3.66%.从重点区域来看，京津冀及周边“2+26”城市气象条件转差最显著，汾渭平原次之，长江三角洲（以下称长三角）基本持平，分别导致PM_2.5浓度同比上升约9.4%、8.3%、1.1%.“2+26”城市和汾渭平原气象条件在11月、1月、2月转差，10月、3月气象条件转好.长三角则10月、11月、3月气象条件转差；12月、1月、2月转好.“2+26”城市2018~2019秋冬季PM_2.5浓度同比上升主要为气象条件转差所致；汾渭平原PM_2.5同比变化较小，人为减排有效抵消了气象条件转差带来的不利影响；长三角PM_2.5浓度同比下降，与气象条件变幅小且污染排放较去年同期降低有关.