冬青和女贞叶表面颗粒物微形态及叶际细菌群落结构

植物叶表面颗粒物和微生物的结构动态对近地表环境和生态具有重要意义.本研究以青岛市不同功能区冬青和女贞植物的新鲜叶片为研究对象,利用环境扫描电镜观察叶表面颗粒物与微生物微形态特征及季节变化规律;采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析植物叶际细菌群落结构.结果表明,冬青和女贞植物叶片颗粒物滞留量秋、冬季节高于春、夏两季,两种植物叶片更易滞留PM₁₀和PM_2.5,但冬青叶片的滞尘能力尤其是对粒径大于10 μm的颗粒物滞留效果高于女贞,城市主干道植物叶片滞尘能力高于文教区和城市公园植物,受地面扬尘和汽车尾气影响较大;另植物叶际微生物组成存在季节差异,叶片易滞留不同类型真菌、真菌孢子及菌丝体等,且两种植物因叶片革质更适宜菌丝体生长,此外女贞叶表皮还易镶嵌一种表面均匀褶皱的真菌孢子,微生物丰富度城市公园 > 城市主干道 > 文教区,湿度对微生物的生长繁殖呈现积极影响;高通量测序下不同季节的冬青和女贞植物叶际细菌群落差异显著,春季植物叶际细菌丰度最高,夏季最低,两种植物叶际细菌相对丰度最高的优势菌门和优势菌纲为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和γ-变形菌纲（γ-Proteobacteria）,且同一功能区两种植物共用一个核心微生物群,另外受地面扬尘污染严重的城市主干道植物叶际细菌群落结构与其他两个功能区差异明显.本研究结果证明城市不同功能区典型绿化植物叶表面颗粒物与微生物群落结构之间存在显著相关性,为城市绿化建设提供参考.     

宁夏沿黄地区生态环境现状和保护思路

宁夏沿黄地区生态功能重要,但自然生态系统较为脆弱;环境质量总体为全国平均水平,但局部局地环境污染问题突出;部分自然资源具有一定优势,但集约节约利用水平偏低。近年来,沿黄地区生态环境保护工作扎实推进,但受本地自然本底特征和经济社会发展现状的影响,生态建设与环境保护的任务仍然艰巨。我国相关部门应围绕生态建设与修复、环境保护与治理、资源节约集约利用三大领域,统筹谋划、系统治理、协同推进,推动生态环境高水平保护。     

Assessing the effectiveness of marine reserves on unsustainably harvested long-lived sessile invertebrates

Although the rapid recovery of fishes after establishment of a marine reserve is well known, much less is known about the response of long-lived, sessile, benthic organisms to establishment of such reserves. Since antiquity, Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum) has been harvested intensively for use in jewelry, and its distribution is currently smaller than its historical size throughout the Mediterranean Sea. To assess whether establishment of marine reserves is associated with a change in the size and number of red coral colonies that historically were not harvested sustainably, we analyzed temporal changes in mean colony diameter and density from 1992 to 2005 within red coral populations at different study sites in the Medes Islands Marine Reserve (established in 1992) and in adjacent unprotected areas. Moreover, we compared colony size in the Medes Islands Marine Reserve, where recreational diving is allowed and poaching has been observed after reserve establishment, with colony size in three other marine protected areas (Banyuls, Carry-le-Rouet, and Scandola) with the enforced prohibition of fishing and diving. At the end of the study, the size of red coral colonies at all sampling sites in the Medes Islands was significantly smaller than predicted by growth models and smaller than those in marine protected areas without fishing and diving. The annual number of recreational dives and the percent change in the basal diameter of red coral colonies were negatively correlated, which suggests that abrasion by divers may increase the mortality rates of the largest red coral colonies within this reserve . Our study is the first quantitative assessment of a poaching event, which was detected during our monitoring in 2002, inside the marine reserve. Poaching was associated with a loss of approximately 60% of the biomass of red coral colonies.     

几种典型金属材料西沙海洋全浸区腐蚀行为规律研究

目的研究几种典型金属材料在西沙海洋全浸区的腐蚀行为规律。方法通过外场暴露试验,分析EH36和CM690船用钢、316L不锈钢以及5083铝合金材料暴露0.5、1、2a后的腐蚀形貌与动力学规律。结果CM690腐蚀速率要大于EH36,而点蚀深度规律相反。316L不锈钢发生较为严重缝隙腐蚀,5083铝合金则以局部腐蚀为主。结论试验条件下,EH36与CM690钢腐蚀质量损失与点蚀最为严重,316L不锈钢与5083铝合金生物污损严重,伴有局部腐蚀。     

A Global Conservation System for Climate-Change Adaptation

Abstract:  Climate change has created the need for a new strategic framework for conservation. This framework needs to include new protected areas that account for species range shifts and management that addresses large-scale change across international borders. Actions within the framework must be effective in international waters and across political frontiers and have the ability to accommodate large income and ability-to-pay discrepancies between countries. A global protected-area system responds to these needs. A fully implemented global system of protected areas will help in the transition to a new conservation paradigm robust to climate change and will ensure the integrity of the climate services provided by carbon sequestration from the world's natural habitats. The internationally coordinated response to climate change afforded by such a system could have significant cost savings relative to a system of climate adaptation that unfolds solely at a country level. Implementation of a global system is needed very soon because the effects of climate change on species and ecosystems are already well underway .     

Tendencies in the Development of Tracks in Open Areas

area cells (the areas between the tracks) increased geometrically in the unprotected area, while the increase in the protected area was linear; and (3) most area cells (50%–70%) in the protected area in each of the years analyzed (except 1944) were smaller than 10 ha in size. However, an area cell greater than 100 ha has always been observed. In contrast, in the unprotected site the number of area cells increased with time while their area size decreased. Twenty-seven percent of the unprotected area is composed at present of area cells smaller in size than 1 ha. The development of a track system in the protected site changed moderately with a few peaks during the past 50 years. This trend is a result of land management policies that actively promote sustainable ecotourism. However, in the unprotected open area, the track system has changed continuously and drastically due to a lack of land conservation management.     

Temperature niche composition change inside and outside protected areas under climate warming

Conservation of biodiversity relies heavily on protected areas but their role and effectiveness under a warming climate is still debated. We estimated the climate-driven changes in the temperature niche compositions of bird communities inside and outside protected areas in southern Canada. We hypothesized that communities inside protected areas include a higher proportion of cold-dwelling species than communities outside protected areas. We also hypothesized that communities shift to warm-dwelling species more slowly inside protected areas than outside. To study community changes, we used large-scale and long-term (1997–2019) data from the Breeding Bird Survey of Canada. To describe the temperature niche compositions of bird communities, we calculated the community temperature index (CTI) annually for each community inside and outside protected areas. Generally, warm-dwelling species dominated communities with high CTI values. We modeled temporal changes in CTI as a function of protection status with linear mixed-effect models. We also determined which species contributed most to the temporal changes in CTI with a jackknife approach. As anticipated, CTI was lower inside protected areas than outside. However, contrary to our expectation, CTI increased faster over time inside than outside protected areas and warm-dwelling species contributed most to CTI change inside protected areas. These results highlight the ubiquitous impacts of climate warming. Currently, protected areas can aid cold-dwelling species by providing habitat, but as the climate warms, the communities’ temperature compositions inside protected areas quickly begin to resemble those outside protected areas, suggesting that protected areas delay the impacts of climate warming on cold-dwelling species.     

A wind resource assessment around large mountain masses: The speed-up effect

The wind potential around an intensely mountainous area has been studied and an experimental analysis is presented the output of which could be used in the wind farm planning procedure aiming at maximization of the wind power production output of an area. The wind speed of a chosen site of Central Greece was studied based on field measurements around a large mountainous area of Central Greece. Understanding flow in the foothills and the wider area of the mountains is of great importance for estimating wind resource in rough terrain. In this article, special focus was given to the speed-up effect and forced air flow around mountainous masses.     

Philippine protected areas are not meeting the biodiversity coverage and management effectiveness requirements of Aichi Target 11

Aichi Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity urges, inter alia, that nations protect at least 17 % of their land, and that protection is effective and targets areas of importance for biodiversity. Five years before reporting on Aichi targets is due, we assessed the Philippines’ current protected area system for biodiversity coverage, appropriateness of management regimes and capacity to deliver protection. Although protected estate already covers 11 % of the Philippines’ land area, 64 % of its key biodiversity areas (KBAs) remain unprotected. Few protected areas have appropriate management and governance infrastructures, funding streams, management plans and capacity, and a serious mismatch exists between protected area land zonation regimes and conservation needs of key species. For the Philippines to meet the biodiversity coverage and management effectiveness elements of Aichi Target 11, protected area and KBA boundaries should be aligned, management systems reformed to pursue biodiversity-led targets and effective management capacity created.     

都市圈边缘城市经济联系格局及发展策略研究

在都市圈主导区域发展的空间背景下,都市圈的聚集增长凸显边缘(边际)城市的发展困惑。本文立足多都市圈相互作用的空间基础,构建以现实经济联系(人流、资金流、信息流)与潜在经济联系的综合测度模型,来判读边缘城市之未来发展方向,并据此提出相关空间发展策略。案例研究表明:现阶段淮安市与南京、苏锡常、徐州等都市圈的经济联系强度分别为1.688、1.405、1.164,经济联系隶属度分别为39.65%、33.01%、27.34%,说明淮安市并不存在占主导地位的单一经济联系单元,其经济联系格局是都市圈辐射能力及其空间可达性合力作用的结果。未来淮安市应努力构建区域综合网络关键节点,坚持产业错位发展,充分利用都市圈发展的"溢出效应"(或边缘效应),致力培育次区域增长极。研究成果能够为都市圈边缘城市的规划发展提供借鉴和启示。