中国农村居民点用地变化的社会经济因素分析

基于2000-2008年省级单元的土地利用和社会经济统计数据,探讨来自区域、城镇和农村的社会经济因素对农村居民点用地扩张的作用机制,认为农村居民点用地扩张受到农村自身社会经济发展和城镇社会经济发展的双重作用,一方面区域和农村社会经济推动了农村居民点用地规模扩张,另一方面工业化和城镇化进程引起的城镇空间扩张,缓解了农村居民点用地扩张的趋势,在此"一增一减"双重作用下,农村居民点用地呈现缓慢增长趋势。相比于来自区域和城镇的社会经济因素,农村自身的社会经济发展因素对于省级单元的农村居民点用地扩张的影响更为重要。不论是对于来自城镇或是农村的社会经济因素,产出效应都比投资和收入效应更明显,在控制产出效应的情况下,来自于城镇和区域的投资和收入效应不再显著。为控制农村居民点用地过度扩张,政府应在健康快速的工业化和城镇化进程中,实施城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策,加大土地开发整理和复垦力度,积极投资农村,提高农用地产出,以有效引导农村居民点用地节约集约利用。     

Philippine protected areas are not meeting the biodiversity coverage and management effectiveness requirements of Aichi Target 11

Aichi Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity urges, inter alia, that nations protect at least 17 % of their land, and that protection is effective and targets areas of importance for biodiversity. Five years before reporting on Aichi targets is due, we assessed the Philippines’ current protected area system for biodiversity coverage, appropriateness of management regimes and capacity to deliver protection. Although protected estate already covers 11 % of the Philippines’ land area, 64 % of its key biodiversity areas (KBAs) remain unprotected. Few protected areas have appropriate management and governance infrastructures, funding streams, management plans and capacity, and a serious mismatch exists between protected area land zonation regimes and conservation needs of key species. For the Philippines to meet the biodiversity coverage and management effectiveness elements of Aichi Target 11, protected area and KBA boundaries should be aligned, management systems reformed to pursue biodiversity-led targets and effective management capacity created.     

A wind resource assessment around large mountain masses: The speed-up effect

The wind potential around an intensely mountainous area has been studied and an experimental analysis is presented the output of which could be used in the wind farm planning procedure aiming at maximization of the wind power production output of an area. The wind speed of a chosen site of Central Greece was studied based on field measurements around a large mountainous area of Central Greece. Understanding flow in the foothills and the wider area of the mountains is of great importance for estimating wind resource in rough terrain. In this article, special focus was given to the speed-up effect and forced air flow around mountainous masses.     

都市圈边缘城市经济联系格局及发展策略研究

在都市圈主导区域发展的空间背景下,都市圈的聚集增长凸显边缘(边际)城市的发展困惑。本文立足多都市圈相互作用的空间基础,构建以现实经济联系(人流、资金流、信息流)与潜在经济联系的综合测度模型,来判读边缘城市之未来发展方向,并据此提出相关空间发展策略。案例研究表明:现阶段淮安市与南京、苏锡常、徐州等都市圈的经济联系强度分别为1.688、1.405、1.164,经济联系隶属度分别为39.65%、33.01%、27.34%,说明淮安市并不存在占主导地位的单一经济联系单元,其经济联系格局是都市圈辐射能力及其空间可达性合力作用的结果。未来淮安市应努力构建区域综合网络关键节点,坚持产业错位发展,充分利用都市圈发展的"溢出效应"(或边缘效应),致力培育次区域增长极。研究成果能够为都市圈边缘城市的规划发展提供借鉴和启示。     

Chronic exposure to environmental stressors induces fluctuating asymmetry in shrews inhabiting protected Mediterranean sites

Many ecotoxicological studies have addressed the effects of contaminant exposure at various levels of biological organization. However, little information exists on the effects of toxicants on wildlife populations. Here we examined exposure of populations of the greater white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula (Soricomorpha, Soricidae) occupying two protected Mediterranean sites (a polluted area, the Ebro Delta, and a control site, Garraf Massif). Bioaccumulation of selected elements (Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo, Sr, Ba, and B), a body condition index (BCI) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) were used to assess the chronic exposure to environmental pollution. BCI was correlated neither to metal concentrations nor to FA, suggesting that this fitness measure only reflects environmental disturbances at a local level. However, shrews from the polluted area showed higher concentrations of metals and metalloids (Pb, Hg, B, and Sr) and greater shape FA than specimens from the reference area. A correlation between FA was found for both first and second principal component vectors suggesting that developmental instability increases as a result of exposure to multiple pollutants. Our results corroborate the suitability of C. russula as a bioindicator of environmental quality and show that FA is an appropriate index to examine impact of developmental stressors in populations inhabiting disturbed areas.     

江苏省沿江城市饮用水系统适应能力评估

在对饮用水系统适应能力界定的基础上,基于水源地、供水、用水、排污处理和技术5个子系统的适应性要素构建沿江城市饮用水系统适应能力评价指标体系和评价模型,采用分指数与综合指数法评估系统的适应能力水平、存在问题,并据此对江苏省沿江地区城市饮用水系统适应能力分异特征、类型及影响因素进行深入探讨。结果表明,南部环太湖地区城市饮用水系统适应能力高于中部滨江地区,北部地区适应能力最低;从各子系统适应能力得分情况来看,需加大对沿江地区水源地的保护力度,合理规划港口、码头等的布设;加快北部地区供排基础设施的建设,提高风险应急防范能力;南部环湖地区重点开展节水型企业与生态工业园区创建。     

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染监测方法

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染严重以及交叉污染等特性,造成了严重的环境污染和环境安全问题。由于非点源污染监测资料不完善,相关研究的深度、广度以及监测管理存在不足,确定非点源污染大小、少资料区域污染定量化预测等问题都是亟待解决的难点。以南通平原感潮河网地区为例,对非点源污染中的不确定性及监测方法进行探讨,提出分别针对平原河网圩区和平原河网非圩区的非点源污染监测方法。     

光环境污染监测分类与控制值探索

在研究分析国内外现有光污染相关技术规定的基础上,结合我国城市光污染现状,为解决我国城市光污染中危害最严重的典型问题,将我国城市光环境污染划分为玻璃幕墙眩光污染、交通道路眩光污染、居住区光污染、室外光污染源4个重点监测项目,并针对具体项目初步提出了玻璃幕墙反射眩光监测控制值、交通道路眩光监测控制值、居住区光污染监测控制值和室外光污染源监测控制值。     

太湖不同湖区轮虫群落结构季节变化的比较研究

2006年7月～2007年6月对太湖不同湖区(河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾)轮虫的季节变化进行了比较研究.整个研究期间,河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾轮虫种类数分别为23、15、14和21;河口区轮虫的年平均密度最高,为475个·L-1,梅梁湾最低,为164个·L-1,太湖湖心区为189个·L1-,贡湖湾为338个·L-1.4个湖区优势种不同,河口区轮虫优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(B.cdyciflorus),梅梁湾为角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis),太湖湖心区和贡湖湾优势种都是针簇多肢轮虫(P.trigla).食物的不同以及大型浮游甲壳动物的抑制作用,可能是太湖4个湖区轮虫群落结构不同的重要原因.相关分析表明,轮虫数量与枝角类数量、枝角类生物量和桡足类生物量极显著负相关;轮虫数量与透明度显著正相关.结果表明,太湖4个不同湖区轮虫群落结构不同.     

Farmland damage and its impact on the overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources in the eastern plains of China

The subsidence caused by coal mining in areas where cropland and coal resources overlap in the eastern plains of China with high ground water levels has caused large amounts of water to collect in cropland, significant damage to cropland, and a sharp contradiction between people and land distribution within this region. Systematic analysis and calculation were conducted on these areas by using GIS spatial overlay analysis technology, subsidence and occupied cropland estimation models, and crop yield reduction prediction model to reveal the overlapped characteristics and extent of farmland damage, as well as to evaluate the effects of farmland damage to grain yield, farmland landscape, agricultural population, and dynamical equilibrium of the total cultivated land. Results showed that the overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources on the eastern plains of China occupied an area covering 1.33 × 10⁵ km², which accounted for 31.93% of the total cropland area. In 2020, the accumulative total area of destroyed cropland reached 3.83 × 10³ km², thus reducing grain yield by 9.63 × 10⁸ kg, and increasing the number of landless farmers to 1.91 × 10⁶. Furthermore, the quality and production capacity of cultivated land decreased, farmland landscape patterns changed, land patterns and structures were adjusted, the dynamical equilibrium of the total cultivated land was difficult to guarantee, and social instability increased in coal mining subsidence areas. These findings provided a scientific basis for relevant government departments to enact countermeasures for the coordinative production of coal and grain.