中国农产品产地环境标准中存在的问题与对策研究

目前中国已经颁布的各类产地环境类标准已超过30多个(不含地方标准)，与欧美发达国家同类标准相比，中国现行的产地环境类标准普遍存在着制定程序不严谨、相关标准之间衔接统一不够、标准的科学技术水平不高、标准的针对性与实用性不强、标准与分析检验方法不配套等共同的问题。通过实例和数据，对以上问题进行了研究和分析，提出了改革现行的标准管理模式、加强基础性科学研究、借鉴和引进国际先进标准、培育专业技术队伍等对策措施。     

离散型住宅小区污水深度处理与中水回用系统的优化设计

以武汉市东西湖区园艺花城小区(三期)污水深度处理和中水回用系统建设为例,介绍具有较强实用性的生活污水生化/物化/生态组合处理工艺。该项工艺及其配套设备特别适用于含氮量偏高情况下的离散型住宅小区生活污水深度处理与回用,具有处理效果稳定、能耗低、占地省、易与周边环境协调等诸多优势。     

长江经济带城乡地域功能融合发展的时空格局与响应过程

城乡地域功能融合发展是纾解国土空间冲突的关键路径。该研究运用熵权TOPSIS、核密度估计和融合发展度模型分析长江经济带130个城市的城镇、乡村地域功能水平,以及城乡地域功能融合发展的时空格局,采用双变量空间自相关模型识别其响应过程。结果表明：①长江经济带各市城镇、乡村地域功能呈上升趋势,城镇地域功能形成“点-团-面”的分布格局,区域差异逐渐收窄;乡村地域功能呈“簇团”状分布格局,上中下游的地理梯度分异现象突出。②长江经济带各市城乡地域功能由融合过渡型向融合提升型突变发展,融合发展水平呈现下游>中游>上游的特征,由以中心城市为节点向以核心城市群为组团的分布格局演进,东西部极化加剧、省域内部差异扩大。③长江经济带城镇与乡村地域功能相互促进发展作用显著增强,先后历经需求融合、引导融合和自发融合等阶段,融合发展过程呈现由融合过渡到融合提升再到融合优化的螺旋式上升规律。根据研究结论提出以下建议：①上游地区以政策引导发展为契机,吸引下游地区资金、技术、劳动密集型产业向上游地区转移,集中资源全面推进乡村振兴,促进城镇、乡村地域功能双提升。②中游地区着力推进城乡一体化发展,强化武汉、长沙和南昌等区域性中心城市城镇地域功能的辐射带动效应,拉动乡村地域功能发育。③下游地区需促进城镇的生产、生活活动逐步向乡村转移,促进农村土地流转和农业生产经营规模化,助推城乡地域功能优质融合。     

A Rationale for a Regional Network of Ecologically Valuable Areas

Several ecologically valuable objects identified on the basis of complex assessment and differentiation of the region are proposed for establishing a regional network of specially protected areas. To identify these objects, characteristics of the plant cover, soils, faunistic and hydrobiological associations, and landscapes have been analyzed using a 1 : 1000000 vegetation map. Five classes of ecologically valuable areas are distinguished according to the need for integrated protection of landscapes and their components or botanical and zoological objects. The concept has been realized using an example of the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Area, Western Siberia.     

Beijing Ministerial Declaration on Environment and Development

Abstract

As the main organic pollutant in municipal living waste, kitchen waste causes secondary pollution in the course of its being gathered and transported to the landfill by mixing with other refuse and by decomposition. This makes pollution prevention more difficult and raises the cost of landfill engineering. However, the amount of solid waste to be treated can be decreased and such pollution burden lessened by disposing of the solid waste in local municipal areas. The program in Beijing also shows that this works well with our situation in China and can accelerate marketization and public participation.     

论库区贫困与库区发展：以山东大中型水库区为例

水库区是水库水面与周边陆地的区域复合体。本文以山东大中型水库区为例，在调查研究的基础上，探讨了库区贫困的根源及库区脱贫的出路，并提出了库区发展的战略构想。     

中国西部城市化基本特征分析——以新疆为例

本文以新疆为例,探讨了新疆城市化的基本特征和规律,总结经验教训,以朝正确认识西部地区城市化的基本特征,从而为西部大开发中城市化发展战略的制定提供有价值的借鉴和参考。     

Evaluation of DNA damage in the root cells of Allium cepa seeds growing in soil of high background radiation areas of Ramsar – Iran

Plants are unique in their ability to serve as in situ monitors for environmental genotoxins. We have used the alkaline comet assay for detecting induced DNA damage in Allium cepa to estimate the impact of high levels of natural radiation in the soils of inhabited zones of Ramsar. The average specific activity of natural radionuclides measured in the soil samples for ²²⁶Ra was 12,766 Bq kg⁻¹ whereas in the control soils was in the range of 34–60 Bq kg⁻¹. A positive strong significant correlation of the DNA damage in nuclei of the root cells of A. cepa seeds germinated in the soil of high background radiation areas with ²²⁶Ra specific activity of the soil samples was observed. The results showed high genotoxicity of radioactively contaminated soils. Also the linear increase in the DNA damage indicates that activation of repair enzymes is not triggered by exposure to radiation in HBRA.     

我国生态功能区划的目标、原则与体系

阐述了我国开展生态功能区划的背景,分析了全国生态功能区划的基本目标和任务。以生态系统科学为基础,明确了开展生态功能区划的基本原则——生态系统完整性原则。在生态系统完整性原则下。定义系统、系统边界、系统等级和认识生态系统的尺度。对生态功能区划与自然区划、农业区划以及生态地域划分之间的联系与区别进行了分析,指出从单一要素的各种自然区划,到以整体生态系统为基础的生态功能区划是协调人与自然关系、寻求自然资源保护与人类对资源的永续利用之间的平衡的认识进步。在生态系统完整性原则上,提出了我国生态功能区划体系的框架。论述了流域在生态和社会经济方面的重要性。认为以大流域为基本区划单元的划分是构建我国生态功能区划的基本方式．“生态热点”地区规划是必要的、灵活的辅助手段．     

Correlation Between Economic Development Level and Landscape Pattern in Beijing Peri-urban Areas

With the rapid changes of demographic and socio-economic structure, various ecological and environmental problems have emerged in peri-urban areas. Studies on the correlation between socio-economic development and eco-environmental preservation are inadequate. This paper analyzes the landscape pattern of peri-urban areas to address this issue. First, it studies the differentiation of economic development levels in Beijing peri-urban areas. Then, it explores the correlation between economic development level...