Quantitative Assessment of Agricultural Runoff and Soil Erosion Using Mathematical Modeling: Applications in the Mediterranean Region

Three mathematical models, the runoff curve number equation, the universal soil loss equation, and the mass response functions, were evaluated for predicting nonpoint source nutrient loading from agricultural watersheds of the Mediterranean region. These methodologies were applied to a catchment, the gulf of Gera Basin, that is a typical terrestrial ecosystem of the islands of the Aegean archipelago. The calibration of the model parameters was based on data from experimental plots from which edge-of-field losses of sediment, water runoff, and nutrients were measured. Special emphasis was given to the transport of dissolved and solid-phase nutrients from their sources in the farmers' fields to the outlet of the watershed in order to estimate respective attenuation rates. It was found that nonpoint nutrient loading due to surface losses was high during winter, the contribution being between 50% and 80% of the total annual nutrient losses from the terrestrial ecosystem. The good fit between simulated and experimental data supports the view that these modeling procedures should be considered as reliable and effective methodological tools in Mediterranean areas for evaluating potential control measures, such as management practices for soil and water conservation and changes in land uses, aimed at diminishing soil loss and nutrient delivery to surface waters. Furthermore, the modifications of the general mathematical formulations and the experimental values of the model parameters provided by the study can be used in further application of these methodologies in watersheds with similar characteristics.     

西安市降雪中DOM荧光特性和来源分析

利用三维荧光光谱、平行因子分析模型和后向轨迹模型等,分析西安市降雪中溶解性有机物(DOM)的荧光特性和来源,研究结果可为大气有机污染物的化学组成和来源分析提供数据基础.结果表明,降雪DOM的DOC含量为0. 88～10. 92mg·L^-1,主要含有类腐殖质、类富里酸、类色氨酸和类酪氨酸,它们荧光强度及其总和与DOC和UV₂₅₄呈显著正相关(P <0. 01).降雪过程中DOM的荧光指数(FI)、生物源指数(BIX)和腐殖化指数(HIX)值分别为1. 50～1. 75、0. 87～1. 25和1. 11～1. 97,且FI与BIX和HIX分别呈正相关和负相关(P <0. 05).降雪期间气团传输轨迹包括:本地源、起始于新疆(途经甘肃、宁夏)的长距离传输、起始于内蒙古(途经宁夏)和山东(途经河南)的中距离传输,分别占总量的38. 78%、24. 04%、19. 87%和17. 31%.结果也表明,可利用代表类腐殖质、类富里酸、类色氨酸和类酪氨酸荧光峰的荧光强度与其总和表征降水中DOM的含量或相对含量,降雪中DOM兼具生物源和陆源,属于...     

离子液体吸收废印刷线路板热拆解过程中挥发性有机物——基于COSMO-RS模型

模拟废印刷线路板（WPCB）的热拆解过程,分析热拆解过程中的挥发性有机物（VOCs）组分;利用真实溶剂似导体屏蔽（COSMO-RS）模型对浓度较高的污染物进行量子力学模拟,研究离子液体（ILs）组成单元对目标污染物溶解度的影响差异,分析溶解过程中主导分子间作用力类型,确定优选吸收剂;测定不同溶剂进行溶解性,验证模型适用性.结果表明：①乙酸乙酯和环戊酮是浓度较高的VOCs组分,在240和250℃时浓度分别为43.1,153mg/m³和105,252mg/m³,质量百分比总和分别为76.3%和67.3%.②高表面屏蔽电荷密度分布峰、长烷基链阴阳离子和亲电基团的存在可提高乙酸乙酯和环戊酮在ILs中的溶解度.双三氟甲磺酰基亚胺盐（NTf₂^-）类ILs是一类优良吸收剂.静电力和范德华力对溶解过程起主导作用.③COSMO-RS模型可定性和半定量用于预测乙酸乙酯和环戊酮的溶解度.     

利用轨迹模式模拟近地层臭氧日变化

提出在多条轨迹上应用轨迹模式，以实现对固 区臭氧浓度日变化的模拟，应用该方法对北京燕山石化炼油厂地区的Ｏ３浓度日变化进行了模拟，结果表明模拟值和实测值十分吻和。进一步模拟了当地的臭氧生物特征，并讨论了当地的气象条件和源排放对Ｏ３生成浓度的影响。结果说明削减ＮＯｘ的排放量是控制该地区光化学烟雾形成的关键，而降低燃烃和芳香烃在排放物中所占的比例也是控制该地区光学烟雾的重要手段。     

非点源污染模型研究

随着工业污染源的有效控制,非点源污染已经成为我国重要污染类型之一,如何科学地认识并有效控制非点源污染因而成为一个紧迫的研究课题.本文回顾了描述非点源的基础工具--非点源模型30多年来的发展历史,就非点源模型的主要类型、结构和特点进行了系统的总结,并对目前主要的非点源模型进行了比较分析,探讨了非点源模型发展的趋势,以期为我国非点源污染的控制提供可借鉴的经验.     

基于成本核算的废旧动力电池回收模式分析与趋势研究

概述了动力电池流向、回收管理体系和回收模式等管理现状,总结提出了以新能源汽车生产企业、动力电池生产企业、第三方综合利用企业和产业联盟为回收主体的四种动力电池回收模式;考虑建设成本、运行维护成本、收集成本、贮存成本、运输成本、人工成本、税收成本、管理成本等8个构成要素,构建了废旧动力电池回收成本模型;核算了四种回收模式的废旧动力电池回收成本和利润情况.核算数据显示,回收1万t/a的废旧动力电池项目,在年总收益均为8500万元的条件下,四种回收模式的利润区间为-461~401万元.结果与趋势分析表明,我国可优先推广新能源汽车生产企业为回收主体的回收模式,便于迅速布局;市场成熟后以动力电池生产企业和综合利用企业为回收主体的模式将进入市场,专业性和技术性将大幅提升;当市场更加成熟,以产业联盟为主体的回收模式将更具优势,回收成本降到最低.综上,建议从避免重复建设,缩短资金周转周期,探索创新模式,构建绿色供应链以及完善回收法律体系等方面入手,进一步完善我国废旧动力电池回收体系.     

Developing Mechanism of Rubber-tea-chicken Agro-forestry Model in Tropical Area of China

Abstract

As a typical tropical agro-forestry ecosystem in Wenchang, Hainan Province, China, rational mechanisms of the rubber-tea-chicken eco-agricultural model were studied with the Solow technological level index, stability indicator, harmonizing coefficient, grey correlation coefficient and production dominance. This study focused on rational hierarchical structure, the limiting factors and optimal strategies of the model development based on model structure, resource conditions and external market demands. Results showed that rational mechanism of the rubber-tea-chicken ecosystem model mainly included technological contributions, leverage function of dominance component (livestock husbandry), stability of the model structure and harmony of its components, the model dominant product’s market demand and government’s supporting policies. The contributions of fund, technology, information and talent resources played an important role in improving sustainability and productivity of the agro-forestry model.     

基于物元模型的土地整理项目绩效评价方法与案例研究

随着新公共管理理念的普及和土地整理在我国社会经济发展中重要性的日益显著,对土地整理项目绩效评价理论、方法及实证研究意义重大。针对已有研究的不足,在界定土地整理项目绩效内涵基础上构建了基于“流程逻辑”框架的土地整理项目绩效评价指标体系,结合物元分析法建立了物元评价模型,并以浙江省永康市石柱镇土地整理项目为例,展开了实证研究。结果表明物元评价模型适合用于土地整理项目绩效评价。综合评价显示永康市石柱镇项目总体绩效水平为“较差”,绩效值为0.014 4。单指标评价显示:该项目只有4个指标绩效水平达到“良好及以上”,1个指标处于“一般”,其他的都处于“较差”水平;研究项目区的绩效水平主要受耕地面积增加率、土地利用提高率等9个因素影响。永康市在今后的土地整理项目建设中应该针对这些绩效影响因素采取相应措施,不断改善项目的整体绩效水平     

Human digit ratios depend on birth order and sex of older siblings and predict maternal fecundity

In men, the length ratio of the second to fourth finger (2D:4D) is smaller, while the length of the fourth finger relative to body height (4D:H) is larger than in women. Inter- and intrasexual variations in 2D:4D and 4D:H may depend on variation in fetal androgen and oestrogen environment. As maternal physiology varies with parity and is differentially affected by gestation of either sex, offspring 2D:4D and 4D:H may change according to sex and number of older siblings and may predict subsequent maternal performance. We analysed 2D:4D and 4D:H in Caucasian university students. 2D:4D was smaller and 4D:H was larger in males than in females, but no sexual dimorphism existed in 2D:H. In males, length ratios did not vary with birth order. 2D:4D became more masculine with increasing proportion of males among older siblings, and 2D:4D and 4D:H became more feminine as the number of older sisters increased. In females, length ratios did not vary with the number of older sisters or brothers. 2D:4D was also not related to birth order, but 4D:H became more masculine with birth order. In females, residual maternal fecundity (number of maternal offspring after the participant) decreased as 4D:H became more masculine. These findings are partly consistent with those from previous studies and suggest that maternal fecundity co-varies with length ratios and thus possibly fetal hormone environment of older offspring. 2D:4D and 4D:H may therefore represent powerful tools to investigate the relationships between fetal environment, offspring phenotype and maternal life history at mechanistic and evolutionary levels.     

基于PBPK模型的大鼠体内镉分布的比较:联合暴露及单独暴露

环境中同时存在着多种重金属元素,联合暴露与单独暴露时,重金属在体内的蓄积分布情况也可能有所差异。为探究重金属元素(汞、铬、砷、铅)对镉(Cd)在体内分布的影响,建立了大鼠在Cd暴露下的药代动力学(PBPK)模型,并进行了包括Cd在内5种重金属的联合毒性实验,比较了Cd单独给药与重金属混合物给药2种方式下大鼠肝脏、肾脏中的Cd浓度水平。结果表明,联合暴露高(Hg Cl23.67 mg·kg~(-1),NaAsO_2 3.67 mg·kg~(-1),CdCl_2 10.55 mg·kg~(-1),K_2Cr_2O_7 6.40 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH_3)_2·3H_2O 133.33 mg·kg~(-1))、中(HgCl_20.367 mg·kg~(-1),NaAsO_2 0.367 mg·kg~(-1),CdCl_2 1.055 mg·kg~(-1),K2Cr2O70.640 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH_3)_2·3H_2O 13.333 mg·kg~(-1))、低(HgCl_2 0.0367 mg·kg~(-1),Na As O20.0367 mg·kg~(-1),Cd Cl20.1055 mg·kg~(-1),K_2Cr_2O_7 0.0640 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH3)2·3H2O 1.3333 mg·kg~(-1))剂量组大鼠肝脏中Cd浓度分别为13.37、0.78和0.06μg·g~(-1);肾脏中Cd浓度分别为14.41、1.64和0.15μg·g~(-1)。与对照组相比,暴露组中Cd浓度有显著升高,且不同剂量组之间均有显著性差异。同剂量Cd单独暴露的PBPK模拟结果显示,肝脏及肾脏中的Cd浓度水平落在联合毒性实验结果的浓度范围内,初步推断其他4种重金属的联合暴露并没有影响Cd在大鼠肾脏和肝脏中的浓度分布。