低层通风量及逆温对四川盆地空气质量的影响分析

将四川盆地分为西部平原、中部丘陵和东部山地,采用2014-2020年的ERA5再分析资料、生态环保部官网18个站点的每日AQI监测数据,以及4个探空站的探空数据,利用相关系数和显著性检验的方法,讨论通风量及逆温对空气质量的影响.结果表明,四川盆地空气质量逐年变好,贴地层的通风量等级越大,空气质量越好.总的年均通风量呈先...     

Methodology to determine regional water demand for instream flow and its application in the Yellow River Basin

Introduction Instream flow is a generic and widely used term that refers to the water required to protect the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems at some agreed level. Other terms that are sometimes used include “environmental flow” (Arthington…     

湖南省湘江流域2006年"7·15"暴雨-洪水巨灾分析

基于自然灾害系统论,结合灾区实地调查结果和部分适时气象、水文资料,从降雨、洪水、灾情以及减灾模式等对湖南省湘江流域2006年"7·15"暴雨-洪水巨灾进行了分析.结果表明农村的主要致灾因子是洪水、内涝、滑坡、泥石流,而城市主要为内涝;此次巨灾是在强热带风暴引发的暴雨、湘江流域中上游多山的地形条件等自然因素,和工程建设不合理、灾害预警机制不够完善、人们防灾意识薄弱以及灾害风险转移机制不够成熟等人为因素的共同作用下导致的.在此基础之上,提出了建立综合减灾范式、提高巨灾应急管理能力等应对巨灾的对策.     

TRANSIENT STORAGE ASSESSMENTS OF DYE‐TRACER INJECTIONS IN RIVERS OF THE WILLAMETTE BASIN,OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Rhodamine WT dye‐tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin yield concentration‐time curves with characteristically long recession times suggestive of active transient storage processes. The scale of drainage areas contributing to the stream reaches studied in the Willamette Basin ranges from 10 to 12,000 km². A transient storage assessment of the tracer studies has been completed using the U.S. Geological Survey's One‐dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model, which incorporates storage exchange and decay functions along with the traditional dispersion and advection transport equation. The analysis estimates solute transport of the dye. It identifies first‐order decay coefficients to be on the order of 10^?5/sec for the nonconservative Rhodamine W.T. On an individual subreach basis, the first‐order decay is slower (typically by an order of magnitude) than the transient storage process, indicating that nonconservative tracers may be used to evaluate transient storage in rivers. In the transient storage analysis, a dimensionless parameter (A_s/A) expresses the spatial extent of storage zone area relative to stream cross section. In certain reaches of Willamette Basin pool‐and‐riffle, gravel‐bed rivers, this parameter was as large as 0.5. A measure of the storage exchange flux was calculated for each stream subreach in the simulation analysis. This storage exchange is shown subjectively to be higher at higher stream discharges. Hyporheic linkage between streams and subsurface flows is the probable physical mechanism contributing to a significant part of this inferred active transient storage. Hyporheic linkages are further suggested by detailed measurements of river discharge with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler system delineating zones in two large rivers where water alternately enters and leaves the surface channels through gravel‐and‐cobble riverbeds. Measurements show patterns of hyporheic exchange that are highly variable in time and space.     

长江流域城市发展的个性与共性问题

建国50年来,长江流域各大、中、小城市发生了巨大的变化,特别是城市经济实力、城市性质与功能结构,城市生态环境以及区域城镇体系等产生了质的飞跃,向着更高层次的城市战略目标发展。从本流域各个城市发展过程与现状特征分析,具有五个比较鲜明的个性与共性问题,共同构成了长江流域城市化的特征与趋势。着重阐述了五个特征：①城市化的速度、比例各省具有自己鲜明的特征;②流域内各省城市空间结构有自己的特点;③城市发展条件与形态有自己的个性;;④市用地的 结构性特点;⑤流域内各大中城市的合理发展模式。     

河口生态环境需水量计算方法研究

提出了河口生态环境需水量的计算方法.计算中考虑了水循环消耗、生物循环消耗、生物栖息地等不同类型需水及其随时间的变化,根据“加和性”和“最大值”原则计算了河口生态环境需水年度总量,以保持河口径流自然状态为目标确定了生态环境需水量年内随时间的变化率.根据“生态环境需水量阈值性”的要求,将计算结果划分为最低、适宜和高3个等级.对海河流域主要河口的计算结果表明,海河口、滦河口和漳卫新河口最低等级生态环境需水量分别为5 97×10 8m3、6 81×10 8m3和4 96×10 8m3.河口径流量的减少将首先影响泥沙的输运,进而改变河口生态系统的盐度平衡     

韩江流域典型区主要森林类型土壤肥力的灰色关联度分析

在野外调查、取样和室内试验分析相结合的基础上,利用灰色关联度分析方法定量分析了韩江流域典型区主要森林类型的土壤肥力状况,并进行了综合评价排序.研究结果表明:6种林分土壤肥力关联度排序为天然常绿阔叶林(0.920 16)＞针阔混交林(0.892 87)＞灌木林(0.813 07)＞桉树人工林(0.788 58)＞竹林(0.759 85)＞马尾松林(0.742 96),天然常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林土壤比较肥沃,马尾松林土壤肥力相对较差.说明土壤肥力不仅与土壤理化性质有关,而且与林地凋落物的蓄积和分解状况有关.     

滇池流域城市降雨径流污染负荷定量化研究

借助遥感影像处理软件ERDAS IMAGINE9．2和GIS技术对研究区QuickBird影像图进行下垫面类型分类和统计,在对降雨产流过程及地表径流污染特征研究的基础上,根据2008年的降雨总量,定量计算滇池流域全年城市降雨径流污染负荷。结果表明,流域内城镇区域屋顶、庭院、道路、绿地及其他类型面积比例分别为13．8％、11．6％、5．2％、3．8％及65．6％。2008年滇池流域城市降雨径流污染负荷COD、TN、TP分别为2．95×10^4t、1．24×10^3t、103t。滇池北岸昆明主城区内的建成区全年城市降雨径流污染负荷COD、TN、TP的产生量分别为2．39×10^4t、9．89×10^3t、8．24×10^3t,对滇池流域COD、TN、TP的贡献率总和分别为81．2％、79．5％、80．3％。     

黄河流域县域经济密度测算及空间分异研究

县域经济是国民经济的基本单元,科学评估县域经济的空间分异、影响因素和形成机理,可以为区域经济分析和区域发展政策制定提供科学决策依据。本文以黄河流域504个县域为研究单元,采用熵权灰色模型、Jenks最佳分类法和Kernel分析等方法,基于人均、地均组成的经济密度综合指数构建经济密度评价指标体系和经济密度综合评价模型,从空间分布特征、空间集聚状态两个维度对2000年、2014年黄河流域县域经济密度的空间分异的特征状态和影响因素进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)流域经济密度的空间分异主要受人均密度系统影响,地均密度系统只是强化或减弱人均系统的分异强度。(2)黄河流域东部与中西部之间的经济密度差异明显。东部经济密度水平高,且形成了以郑州、济南为中心的高级别集聚状态,中东部以西安为中心形成了次一级集聚状态,而中西部经济密度整体水平低且仅有少量的弱集聚核心和集聚影响区。(3)流域中西部内部经济空间分异也发生变化。内蒙古、河南的经济密度水平较高,而其他省区的水平相对较弱;流域中西部高水平、中高水平经济密度区域及实力较强的集聚核心和扩展轴带分布在内蒙古中部、河南中部、陕西南部、山西中部,其他省区的集聚核心和扩展轴带较弱。     

Scenario‐Based and Scenario‐Neutral Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Operational Performance of a Multipurpose Reservoir

Scenario‐based and scenario‐neutral impacts assessment approaches provide complementary information about how climate change‐driven effects on streamflow may change the operational performance of multipurpose dams. Examining a case study of Cougar Dam in Oregon, United States, we simulated current reservoir operations under scenarios of plausible future hydrology. Streamflow projections from the CGCM3.1 general circulation model for the A1B emission scenario were used to generate stochastic reservoir inflows that were then further perturbed to simulate a potentially drier future. These were then used to drive a simple reservoir model. In the scenario‐based analysis, we found reservoir operations are vulnerable to climate change. Increases in fall and winter inflow could lead to more frequent flood storage, reducing flexibility to store incoming flood flows. Uncertainty in spring inflow volume complicates projection of future filling performance. The reservoir may fill more or less often, depending on whether springs are wetter or drier. In the summer, drawdown may occur earlier to meet conservation objectives. From the scenario‐neutral analysis, we identified thresholds of streamflow magnitude that can predict climate change impacts for a wide range of scenarios. Our results highlight projected operational challenges for Cougar Dam and provide an example of how scenario‐based and scenario‐neutral approaches may be applied concurrently to assess climate change impacts.