Phosphate enrichment in the northern Gulf of Aqaba: Regulation by carbonate sediments and impact on nitrogen elevation

The effect of carbonate sediment in regulating phosphate concentrations in sea water was investigated by laboratory incubation experiments using different sediment types. Incubation experiments were made with two types of sediments: uncontaminated sediment from a marine reserve and contaminated sediment with deposited phosphate powders. Fluxes of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate were estimated from linear regressions of solute concentrations over incubation periods. Ammonium and phosphate fluxes were about twofold higher in the uncontaminated sediment that had significantly lower organic carbon and total phosphate concentrations than in the phosphate-contaminated sediment. To test the effect of dissolved phosphate on increasing nitrogen fixation, additional incubation experiments were carried out using treated carbonate and silicate sediments with added dissolved phosphate (20 μM). Incubations were made under sterile conditions with HgCl₂ added to distinguish between biologically enhanced processes and pure physicochemical processes. The adsorption rate of phosphate onto carbonate sediment was about twice that onto silicate sediments. No nitrogen elevation either as ammonium or as nitrate was observed in the soluble phosphate enrichment incubations. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of the regulation of soluble phosphate concentrations in carbonate sediment environments where the carbonate sediment acts as a buffering system keeping soluble phosphate concentrations at certain steady-state levels. The study also demonstrates the lack of evidence on enhancement of nitrogen concentrations due to the increase phosphate concentrations.     

彭山岷江大桥国控监测断面水质类别变化分析

彭山岷江大桥国控断面,位于岷江干流,2010年、2011年和2012年,其水质类别分别为IV类、劣V类和劣V类,主要污染物为氨氮和总磷。本文依据其上游府河中黄龙溪断面和南河中董坝子断面水质的例行监测数据来综合分析岷江大桥水质类别变化情况。分别从评价方法、浓度、流量和通量等几方面加以阐述,结果表明,2010—2012年度,岷江大桥氨氮浓度主要受黄龙溪断面水质的影响,岷江大桥总磷的变化受到黄龙溪和董坝子水质的共同作用。     

青岛秋冬季PM1中金属元素污染特征及健康风险评估

于2018年11月1日至2019年1月31日（OP_2018-2019）和2019年11月1日至2020年1月20日（OP_2019-2020）在青岛对PM₁进行了连续两年秋冬季逐日采集.将观测期划分为4个空气质量等级（Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级）,分析了PM₁中金属元素浓度特征及来源,评估了不同人群的非致癌风险（Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu和V）和致癌风险（As、Cr、Ni、Cd和Co）.结果表明,与OP_2018-2019相比,OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量等级下金属元素总浓度变化与Ca、K和Al浓度变化有关,受扬尘源和生物质燃烧源影响较大.与OP_2018-2019相比,OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量等级下V浓度分别下降19.0%、60.5%、82.7%和77.5%.推测与船舶国内排放控制区域（DECA）政策实施有关,青岛周边海域船舶改换燃油品质,导致V浓度大幅降低.由富集因子、比值法和气流后向轨迹结果进一步表明V浓度变化主要受DECA政策影响.然而,实施DECA政策后,V/Ni值作为判断区域内受船舶源影响的限值,需进一步探究.由健康风险评估结果表明,OP_2018-2019和OP_2019-2020期间非致癌元素Mn的危险系数范围为0.07~1.22,建议加强管控含Mn污染源的排放.OP_2018-2019和OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量下As、Cd的终生致癌风险概率（ILCR）值低于10^-4,但高于10^-6,表明存在致癌概率,但仍可接受.OP_2018-2019期间空气质量为Ⅳ级时,Cr的ILCR值高于10^-4,存在致癌风险.     

泥炭和腐植酸类物质在环境保护中的应用

本文叙述了泥炭的形成、组成、结构、泥炭及腐植酸类物质在环境保护中的广泛应用：用泥炭净化被放射性污染的废水；用泥炭除去废水中的重金属离子；用泥炭净化工业和城市污水；泥炭对水中石油及其产品的吸附；泥炭对大气中有害气体的清除．因此，泥炭和腐植酸类物质是净化生物圈的宝贵资源．     

Sound and Fury Signifying Nothing: Using Geoinformatics to Inform Resource Policy in the Gulf of California,Mexico

In this issue of Environmental Management, Glenn and others posit that a previous study had analytical and interpretive errors in analysis of shrimp fishing in the Upper Gulf of California, Mexico. Unfortunately, much of their evidence is too indirect and of insufficient scale to address the central question of salinity in the Upper Gulf. Also, many of their suppositions did not include direct interviews with local officials or a robust understanding of remote sensing literature. This response to their rebuttal presents a set of figures and analysis demonstrating that the Colorado River flows into a closed evaporative basin known as the Laguna Salada and thus cannot flow into the Gulf of California. Readers are asked to examine the images and interpret their meaning for themselves.     

The implications of ecosystem dynamics for fisheries management: a case study of selected fisheries in the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad

It is accepted that if fisheries resources are to remain renewable and able to sustain livelihoods, appropriate management practices must be implemented. Even while fisheries management grapples to resolve single-species issues, the biological and economic interactions among species mandate that to be effective, management techniques must be based on more interactive and aggregate-level analyses. In order to implement these techniques, the actual links, and the potential impact of these links, among the fisheries must be established. Vector autoregression (VAR) analysis has the potential to play an increasingly important role in ecosystem modelling for fisheries management. This study uses VAR analysis to demonstrate the quantitative impact of certain ecosystem changes on the productivity of the carite, honey shrimp and croaker fisheries of the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, in the particular context of the ecosystem dynamics of trophic linkages, bycatch and multispecies fisheries. Four VAR models are constructed to investigate the extent to which these factors affect the production of the selected fisheries, and to evaluate the management implications of these linkages. The empirical analysis is further evidence that, if sustainable management of fishery resources is to be achieved, management practices based on more multi-species, ecosystem approaches must replace the traditional, single-species management techniques.     

青岛市区大气降尘重金属对人体健康风险的评价

在青岛市区采集大气降尘、土壤样品各89件,并分析化验了样品中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等的含量.在这些分析化验结果的基础上,应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法,对青岛市区大气降尘重金属对人体的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,市南市北崂山区大气降尘重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn平均值的含量最高,比李沧城阳区和黄岛区污染严重.大气降尘重金属平均值与相应土壤比,除市南市北崂山区大气降尘Hg的平均含量低于土壤均值外,其它均高于土壤.整体来看青岛市区大气降尘重金属对人体健康的风险差异不大,危害较小;但如果市南、崂山和城阳区大气降尘Cr、Pb一直保持这种高浓度,则有4个采样点可能对人体的健康造成危害;且不同途径、不同种类的大气降尘重金属累积将明显加大危害人体健康的风险.     

青岛市城郊蔬菜中多环芳烃污染特征和健康风险评估

2016年5月在青岛市城郊的蔬菜基地采集表层土壤和蔬菜的可食部位,采用高效液相色谱紫外/荧光检测器串联方法对美国环保署优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行检测,分析了土壤和蔬菜中PAHs的含量、组成及两者含量间的关系,并评价了蔬菜中PAHs的健康风险.结果表明,土壤中16种PAHs的总含量(∑16PAH)范围为277.0~1548.1μg·kg~(-1),主要呈现PAHs轻、中度污染.蔬菜中∑16PAH的平均含量为222.6μg·kg~(-1),叶菜类、瓜果类和根茎类蔬菜中∑16PAH含量没有显著性差异.3类蔬菜中PAHs的组成均是以3环PAHs为主,比例达到51.4%~56.2%,但根茎类蔬菜中致癌PAHs所占比例高于叶菜类和瓜果类.叶菜类蔬菜中PAHs含量与土壤中PAHs含量具有显著的正相关关系(r=0.434,p0.05).蔬菜中PAHs的毒性主要来自于7种致癌PAHs,成年人通过摄食蔬菜产生的日平均PAHs暴露量高于其他人群,青岛市城郊部分品种蔬菜中的PAHs对人群存在潜在的致癌风险.     

青岛市国际旅游的季节性研究——基于不同的视角

以青岛市国际旅游统计数据为基础,利用X-12- ARIMA和TRAMO/SEATS方法,从国际旅游人数和人均旅游花费两个视角对其季节性问题进行深入分析.研究表明,不同视角下的季节性模式存在显著差异,并进而提出缓解季节性问题的相关建议.     

Sources and Delivery of Nutrients to the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico from Streams in the South‐Central United States1

Rebich, Richard A., Natalie A. Houston, Scott V. Mize, Daniel K. Pearson, Patricia B. Ging, and C. Evan Hornig, 2011. Sources and Delivery of Nutrients to the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico From Streams in the South‐Central United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1061‐1086. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00583.x Abstract: SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were developed to estimate nutrient inputs [total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP)] to the northwestern part of the Gulf of Mexico from streams in the South‐Central United States (U.S.). This area included drainages of the Lower Mississippi, Arkansas‐White‐Red, and Texas‐Gulf hydrologic regions. The models were standardized to reflect nutrient sources and stream conditions during 2002. Model predictions of nutrient loads (mass per time) and yields (mass per area per time) generally were greatest in streams in the eastern part of the region and along reaches near the Texas and Louisiana shoreline. The Mississippi River and Atchafalaya River watersheds, which drain nearly two‐thirds of the conterminous U.S., delivered the largest nutrient loads to the Gulf of Mexico, as expected. However, the three largest delivered TN yields were from the Trinity River/Galveston Bay, Calcasieu River, and Aransas River watersheds, while the three largest delivered TP yields were from the Calcasieu River, Mermentau River, and Trinity River/Galveston Bay watersheds. Model output indicated that the three largest sources of nitrogen from the region were atmospheric deposition (42%), commercial fertilizer (20%), and livestock manure (unconfined, 17%). The three largest sources of phosphorus were commercial fertilizer (28%), urban runoff (23%), and livestock manure (confined and unconfined, 23%).