瀑河水库蓄水后水质变化预测

瀑河水库拟作为南水北调中线的一个调蓄水库。在瀑河水库淹没区内布10个采样点，分别采集0－20、20－40、40－60cm深度的土壤，实验室中模拟水库蓄水淹没情景，连续监测“库水”水质，试验表明：蓄水初期土壤中营养物质溶出对库水水质有一定影响，且随着时间的推移，各营养物质溶出的速度及浓度变化不同，蓄水16天后浓度趋于平稳，库水水质达到地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准，将模拟值作为初始值，利用WQRRS模型进行运行期水质预测，得到结论为：（1）当调水水质为Ⅰ和Ⅱ类标准值的中值、流域汛期径流水质为Ⅱ－Ⅴ类时，预测库水水质为Ⅱ－Ⅲ类；（2）当调水水质为Ⅱ类标准值的下限值、流域汛期径流水质为Ⅱ－Ⅴ类时，预测库水水质大多为Ⅲ类，部分情况下为Ⅳ类，且N、P超标；（3）当调水水质为Ⅰ和Ⅱ类标准值的中值、流域径流水质为Ⅱ类时，在2010、2020和2030水平年水库水质全部为Ⅱ类；当调水水质为Ⅱ类标准值的下限值时库水水质则为Ⅲ类。     

新沂地震台监测环境保护区的建立与管理

新沂地震台依据《中华人民共和国防震减灾法》和中国地震局《地震及前兆数字化技术规范》,向新沂市政府提出"建立地震监测保护区"的建议,经过积极努力,征得地方政府的批准,最终成功地划定了台站监测保护区范围,并制定了保护区管理方案。     

青岛市基础设施现状及主要自然灾害特征

概述了青岛市基础设施现状; 介绍了青岛市主要自然灾害（气象、地震） 特别是９０ 年代以来重要灾情, 并分析了特征; 最后给出了结论和建议。     

基于GIS的崂山区地下空间利用适宜性评价

为了更好地利用青岛崂山区地下空间资源,在全面分析该区地形、地质、水文等条件的基础上,结合岩土工程勘察原始数据和现场水样调查分析报告,根据模糊数学理论和专家经验,遴选出地形地貌、地质构造、工程地质、水文地质、洪水淹没、人口密集程度为评价因子并确定各因子的权重,研究构建了该区地下空间利用评价模型。将评价模型与GIS相结合,利用ArcGIS强大的空间分析功能,采用定量分析的方法得到地下空间利用适宜性分区。研究表明青岛崂山区地下空间建设适宜区面积为106．1km^2,占评价区域面积的73．8％;一般区域面积为26．5km^2,占评价区域面积的18．4％;不适宜区域面积为11．14km^2,占评价区域面积的7．8％。     

1780-1819年华北平原水旱灾害社会响应方式的转变

历史时期水旱灾害的社会响应典型案例重建是气候变化影响与适应研究的重要方向。选取1780-1819年间华北平原发生的4次典型水旱灾害(1785、1792、1813年旱灾及1801年水灾),基于清代档案资料和历史气候重建结果提取代用指标,对其灾情严重程度、政府救灾力度和灾民行为进行了量化描述和对比分析,发现:①4次灾害中赈济密度(赈灾物资数/成灾州县数)逐次下降,1813年旱灾中降至不足1785年旱灾的1/6,政府救灾力度遭到严重削弱;②灾民行为日益失控,从1792年旱灾和1801年水灾中的大规模跨区域迁徙,发展到1813年旱灾中大量加入盗匪和起义军,走向暴力。这一转变的发生,是在自然(气候突变、灾害增多)、社会(政府财政危机、人地矛盾激化)不利背景之下,政府与灾民的互动关系日趋消极的结果。     

Mitigating Impact of Devils Lake Flooding on the Sheyenne River Sulfate Concentration

Devils Lake is a terminal lake located in northeast North Dakota. Because of its glacial origin and accumulated salts from evaporation, the lake has a high concentration of sulfate compared to the surrounding water bodies. From 1993 to 2011, Devils Lake water levels rose by ~10 m, which flooded surrounding communities and increased the chance of an overspill to the Sheyenne River. To control the flooding, the State of North Dakota constructed two outlets to pump the lake water to the river. However, the pumped water has raised concerns about of water quality degradation and potential flooding risk of the Sheyenne River. To investigate these perceived impacts, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was developed for the Sheyenne River and it was linked to a coupled SWAT and CE‐QUAL‐W2 model that was developed for Devils Lake in a previous study. While the current outlet schedule has attempted to maintain the total river discharge within the confines of a two‐year flood (36 m³/s), our simulation from 2012 to 2018 revealed that the diversion increased the Sheyenne River sulfate concentration from an average of 125 to >750 mg/L. Furthermore, a conceptual optimization model was developed with a goal of better preserving the water quality of the Sheyenne River while effectively mitigating the flooding of Devils Lake. The optimal solution provides a “win–win” outlet management that maintains the efficiency of the outlets while reducing the Sheyenne River sulfate concentration to ≤600 mg/L.     

Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural and urban areas of the North Chinese Plain

Passive air sampling (PAS) was employed to study the occurrence of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs in the North Chinese Plain. The averaged concentrations of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were 485 ± 209 ng/m³ and 267 ± 161 ng/m³, respectively. The PAHs concentrations at urban sites were generally higher than those at rural ones with ratios <1.5 in spring, summer and fall, but differences between them were not significant for the wintertime and annually averaged concentrations. This urban-rural distribution pattern was related to the PAHs emission sources. PAHs spatial variation can be partially (49%) explained by emission with a simple linear regression method. Both the gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were highest in winter and lowest in summer, with winter/summer ratios of 1.8 and 8, respectively. Emission strength was the most important factor for the seasonality.     

华北山区温度推算模式和应用

利用华北山区气象站观测的温度与其所在纬度、经度和高度，分山区建立宏观地面气温场方程。采用１：２０万地形图，以１０＇经、纬度为步长，判读其高度值，代入已建立好的方程中，经地形项订正，推算华北山区年、月平均温度、年较差和ΣＴ＇≥１０℃，其精度达极显著水平。计算结果使我们对华北山区热量资源有了新的认识，最后求算华北山区的主要水果最优品质种植上限高度。     

Analyzing and quantitatively evaluating the organic matter source at different ecologic zones of tidal salt marsh,North Jiangsu Province, China

In order to explore the effect of different ecological zones and their above plants in the organic matter cycling of the whole tidal salt marsh, indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of surface, core sediments, and plants of tidal salt marshes in North Jiangsu Province are analyzed. Subsequently, distribution regularities of these measurement indicators are discussed, and the biogeochemistry processes between sediments and plants are also analyzed. Lastly, the organic matter sources of different ecologic zones in tidal salt marsh are evaluated, and the organic matter accumulations in different ecologic zones induced by their plants are also compared. These results indicate that TOC, TN, C/N ratio and δ¹³C showed obvious zonal distribution. The organic matter sources are dominated by marine input in the silt flat, artemisia schrenkiana flat, and the transition zone between silt and spartina alterniflora flat, and are controlled by terrigenous input in spartina alterniflora flat. Spartina alterniflora plays an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. In the study area, the annually increased TOC, organic matter and TN in the spartina alterniflora, artemisia schrenkiana and reed flats reach 6,451, 12,043 and 536 t, respectively. The amount of TOC, organic matter and TN accumulated in the spartina alterniflora flat is more than that in other ecological zones, which shows that the spartina alterniflora flat exert a non-replaceable effect on the material cycle and exchange in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 51–56 [译自: 环境科学]     

青岛采暖期不同天气状况下大气颗粒态无机氮分布研究

于2007-10～2008-04采集了青岛近海采暖前及采暖期内大气气溶胶样品,并运用离子色谱法(IC)分析了颗粒物中的无机氮组分.结果表明,采暖期内青岛颗粒物和无机氮的浓度都有明显增加,采暖期颗粒物质量浓度为137.41μg/m3,比采暖前增加了82.2%;NO3--N和NH4+-N浓度分别由采暖前的2.48μg/m3和6.95μg/m3增加到采暖期的4.43μg/m3和10.28μg/m3.天气过程对于青岛颗粒物浓度和无机氮离子浓度均有较大影响.采暖期晴天颗粒物浓度均值为181.34μg/m3,较采暖前增加32.0%,主要源于二次气溶胶的NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别为5.56μg/m3和1.86μg/m3,低于采暖前.雾天因为低温高湿和污染物的循环积累,样品中颗粒物、NH4+-N和NO3--N平均浓度比采暖前浓度增加了1～2倍.大风降温天气下颗粒物浓度及无机氮组分浓度均有所降低.采暖期烟尘和飞灰的排放明显影响青岛大气颗粒物和无机氮的粒径分布,特别是细粒子部分.青岛近海颗粒物及NO3--N质量浓度呈现双峰分布,采暖前峰值出现在0.43～0.65μm与3.3～4.7μm的范围内,采暖期积聚模态峰值移至0.65～1.1μm范围内.NH4+-N粒径分布均呈现明显的单峰分布,峰值出现在积聚模态.