青藏铁路列车运行控制系统的安全性分析

分析了青藏铁路中多种不利因素对轨道电路参数的影响 ;提出了在青藏铁路不宜采用现行基于轨道电路的列车运行控制系统 ,而应选择基于通信的列车运行控制系统的理由 ;给出了系统的基本结构及提高系统可靠性的措施 ;与此同时 ,就人们关心的无线传输列车控制数据的可靠性和安全性难题 ,通过建立马尔可夫模型的方法进行了分析     

Using Decision Analysis to Choose Phosphorus Targets for Lake Erie

Lake Erie water quality has improved dramatically since the degraded conditions of the 1960s. Additional gains could be made, but at the expense of further investment and reductions in fishery productivity. In facing such cross-jurisdictional issues, natural resource managers in Canada and the United States must grapple with conflicting objectives and important uncertainties, while considering the priorities of the public that live in the basin. The techniques and tools of decision analysis have been used successfully to deal with such decision problems in a range of environmental settings, but infrequently in the Great Lakes. The objective of this paper is to illustrate how such techniques might be brought to bear on an important, real decision currently facing Lake Erie resource managers and stakeholders: the choice of new phosphorus loading targets for the lake. The heart of our approach is a systematic elicitation of stakeholder preferences and an investigation of the degree to which different phosphorus-loading policies might satisfy ecosystem objectives. Results show that there are potential benefits to changing the historical policy of reducing phosphorus loads in Lake Erie.     

巢湖流域农村畜牧业发展与非点源污染研究

目前，巢湖流域非点源污染问题突出。着眼于畜牧业和环境的协调发展，通过对研究区畜牧业生产的实地考查、分析和计算得出结论：畜牧业生产的快速发展、不合理和未加利用的畜牧粪便及畜牧业产品生产加工过程中产生的有机污物是巢湖流域非点源污染的重要原因，来源于畜牧业生产的非点源污染的氮就足以使巢湖水质劣于Ⅲ类标准。最后探讨了解决巢湖富营养化的控制措施。     

巢湖流域蒸发量特征及变化趋势研究

巢湖作为安徽省境内的一个重要湖泊，对安徽省生态环境起到一定的影响作用。蒸发量是影响生态环境的重要因子，在很多方面是该区生态环境的一个反映。采用了统计学方法，对巢湖流域15个蒸发点20年（1981-2000年）的资料进行了分析，初步探讨了巢湖流域的蒸发量空间分布特征与地势、气温、风速、降水量等因子的关系，以及蒸发量在1年内的变化特征和年际变化趋势，试图说明研究时段内人类活动对区域蒸发量的影响。研究表明，由于地形等因素的影响，巢湖流域的蒸发量空间分布不均衡，在研究时段内蒸发量大体呈上升趋势。     

FACTORS AFFECTING SALINITY REDUCTION IN LAKE TARPON,PINELLAS COUNTY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Following an enclosure of a sink-hole connecting Lake Tarpon to the Gulf of Mexico, the chloride concentration of lake waters decreased. Water and chloride budgets for the lake in 1975 were prepared, and predictions using the model of Lerman and Brunskill (1971) were made as to the time required for the lake to achieve fresh water status. Model verification indicated good agreement with predictions in 1976; however, data on [C1^-] for 1977 and 1978 are not as supportive of the model used. The information concerning the Lake Tarpon watershed provided by this latter fact is discussed.     

WATER BUDGET COMPUTATION FOR A SHALLOW LAKE-LAKE OKEECHOBEE,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: The water budget computation in shallow lakes is complicated because marsh vegetation can transpire large quantities of lake water. Thus, a model including the marsh zone evapotranspiration (WET) was developed to compute the water budget for Lake Okeechobee. Three periods of testing (1969–74), planning (1963–74), and recorded period (1952–77) were used to compare the differences of the sum of storage deviation between the WET and conventional methods (WOET). Results of the WOET method showed that the sum of stage deviations were 87.42 cm (2.868 ft.), 231.80 cm (7.605 ft.), and 284.50 cm (9.333 ft.) in the testing, planning, and recorded periods, respectively. These stage deviations are equivalent in the same order to 29, 76, and 93 percent of the lake volume. In general, the WET method not only was applicable to compute the water budget for the lake but also reduced the sum of storage deviation by about 42, 31, and 49 percent, respectively, in those three periods. The storage deviation in WET method was reduced on an average to about 2 percent each year in all three periods, and the deviations were scattered more randomly than in WOET.     

RIDGE REGRESSION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO LANDSAT INVESTIGATION OF WATER QUALITY IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: Landsat radiance values were processed at two different (single and double) levels of accuracy to estimate chlorophyll a, turbidity, and suspended sediment in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Both ordinary least square and ridge regression analyses were used to establish a relationship between water quality parameters and Landsat radiance. Radiance measurements made at greater precision (double level) gave a better solution in this application. The ridge regression analysis for double level not only can reduce the total mean square error about 13–20 percent and confidence interval about 6–28 percent as compared to ordinary least square analysis, but it can also change the interpretation of analysis results.     

Newspaper response to flood and erosion hazards on the North Lake Erie shore

The study is primarily concerned with newspaper responses to flooding and erosion associated with Great Lakes high water in 1952–1953 and 1972–1974. Underlying the research is a general interest in informing the public more widely on choices available in resource and environmental decision making.     

PRODUCTION PROCESSES UNDER THE ICE IN LAKE ST. CLAIR: 1. IRRADIATION AND TEMPERATURE1

ABSTRACT: Data from three ice-covered stations in Lake St. Clair were collected to evaluate the effect of ice and related variables on phytoplankton production. Primary production, phytoplankton standing crop, irradiation and temperature were measured from January to April, 1973. Mean production values ranged from 0.74 mgC/m³/h at station 1 near Mitchell Bay to 3.4 mgC/m³/h in waters at stations 2 and 3 below the Thames River mouth. A similar pattern was observed in chlorophyll a concentration, the mean values ranged from 0.63 μg/1 at station 1 to 2.1 and 1.3 μg/1 at stations 2 and 3. Temperature stratification occurred at the three stations. However, the temperatures at station 1 were consistently more than a degree warmer than at the other two stations. Irradiation was low, having a mean value at the sampling depth of .075 ly/min. The data is interpreted to indicate that the ice-bound phytoplankton were adapted to the low irradiation. It is suggested that the variation observed between stations is related to the formation of a plume by the Thames River and differences in nutrient loads carried by the St. Clair and Thames Rivers.     

青藏高原湖泊细菌种群结构的研究综述

青藏高原东北地区位于我国东部季风区、西北干旱区和青藏高原高寒区的交汇地带，人为影响较少，是研究人为影响与生物种群组成的理想场所。随着分子生物学技术的迅速发展，高原湖泊菌种群结构多样性研究越来越受到人们的重视并取得了重要成果。本文从青藏高原上应用的技术方法、细菌种群结构研究成果以及区域性的重要影响因素3个方面概述了湖泊细菌种群结构多样性研究在青藏高原上取得的进展。简单地讨论了种群多样性和影响因素的关系，对比发现，微生物种群结构的主要限制性因素会随着环境的变化发生改变。同时，微生物种群结构随着环境的变化实际上是其生理结构适应的结果。