Historical trends of PCBs and PBDEs as reconstructed in a lake sediment from southern Tibetan Plateau

High-altitude lake sediment can be used as a natural archive to reconstruct the history of pollutants. In this work, the temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined using a high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in an alpine lake sediment core collected from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) to examine whether the expected decreasing trends due to the implementation of the international Conventions could be observed. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in the sediment core were in the range of 11.8–142 pg/g dw and ND-457 pg/g dw, and their fluxes were in the range of 2.51–31.7 ng/(m²·yr) and ND-43.2 ng/(m²·yr), respectively. The prevalence of low-chlorinated (tri-CB) PCBs and low-brominated (tri- to tetra-) PBDEs in most sections of the sediment profiles was observed, suggesting that the light molecular weight PCBs and PBDEs have most likely reached lake sediments by long-range atmospheric transport from distant sources. Despite the restrictions on their applications, the sediment records for the concentrations and fluxes showed no corresponding decreasing trend with restrictions for PCBs, which suggested that these POPs (e.g., PCBs) were still emitted to the environment owing to the influence of primary or secondary emissions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on input history of atmospheric PCBs and PBDEs recorded in TP Lake sediment.     

不同植被带生态恢复过程土壤团聚体及其稳定性——以黄土高原为例

为分析黄土高原不同植被带植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性的影响,以黄土高原从北到南不同纬度梯度分布的3个典型植被类型区域（草原带、森林草原带和森林带）为研究对象,对不同植被类型和恢复年限下的土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性进行了研究.结果表明：不同植被带对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性影响显著,大于0.25mm团聚体含量（WR_0.25）、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径（E_WMD）、水稳性团聚体几何平均直径（E_GMD）和有机质含量（SOM）整体上均表现为：森林带 > 森林草原带 > 草原带.不同植被带下不同恢复类型对土壤团聚体及其稳定性影响不一,森林草原带表现为灌木 > 草地 > 乔木,森林带则表现为乔木 > 草地.随植被恢复年限增大,各种恢复类型WR_0.25、E_GMD、SOM整体呈逐渐增加趋势,团聚体结构破坏率（PAD）和可蚀性因子（K）呈现相反的变化趋势;分形维数（D）无显著差异.冗余分析表明,植被带对土壤团聚体及其稳定性的影响最大,其次是恢复年限,恢复类型与植被带和恢复年限具有较强的交互作用.本研究有利于加强对区域生态恢复过程机理的认识.     

Export of dissolved carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances in rivers of the “Water Tower of Asia”

Rivers are critical links in the carbon and nitrogen cycle in aquatic,terrestrial,and atmospheric environments.Here riverine carbon and nitrogen exports in nine large rivers on the Tibetan Plateau—the"Water Tower of Asia"—were investigated in the monsoon season from 2013 to 2015.Compared with the world average,concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC,30.7 mg/L)were high in river basins of the plateau due to extensive topographic relief and intensive water erosion.Low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC,1.16 mg/L)were likely due to the low temperature and unproductive land vegetation environments.Average concentrations of riverine DIN(0.32 mg/L)and DON(0.35 mg/L)on the Tibetan Plateau were close to the world average.However,despite its predominantly pristine environment,discharge from agricultural activities and urban areas of the plateau has raised riverine N export.In addition,DOC/DON ratio(C/N,~6.5)in rivers of the Tibetan Plateau was much lower than the global average,indicating that dissolved organic carbon in the rivers of this region might be more bioavailable.Therefore,along with global warming and anthropogenic activities,increasing export of bioavailable riverine carbon and nitrogen from rivers of the Tibetan Plateau can be expected in the future,which will possibly influence the regional carbon and nitrogen cycle.     

Seasonal and spatial distributions of euphotic zone and long-term variations in water transparency in a clear oligotrophic Lake Fuxian, China

To assess the seasonal and spatial variations and long-term trends in water optical properties in Lake Fuxian, investigations based on field work in four seasons and a long-term analysis of data from 1980 to 2014 were conducted. The results show that there was no significant variation in the euphotic depth(Z_(eu)) across the four seasons, and no significant correlations between Z_(eu) and potential influencing factors in seasons other than summer, suggesting that the water itself may be a major factor regulating the Z_(eu)in general. Nevertheless, significant differences in Z_(eu) between the north region(NR) and the south region(SR) were observed in all seasonal tests except spring. This finding relates to a higher abundance of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in the NR due to runoff, especially in the rainy seasons(summer and autumn).CDOM and its terrigenous component had an important impact on Z_(eu)in summer, with the highest precipitation, and impacts from suspended solids and non-algal particles were also found in the NR in summer. The Secchi disk depth in the lake decreased clearly over the years,with significantly negative correlations with the increasing permanganate index and air temperature, implying that organic contaminants(CDOM and/or phytoplankton) are important regulators of water transparency. We estimate that the combined effects of climate warming and changes in land use and land cover are also indirect regulating factors. These findings should be considered in the protection of Lake Fuxian, owing to the importance of light penetration in aquatic ecosystems.     

西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程的宏观生态效应

西藏高原是我国重要的生态屏障、江河源区与生物物种基因库,为了保障其生态功能的持续有效发挥,2008年开始实施西藏高原生态安全屏障保护与建设工程。论文基于工程规划目标,通过对比监测2000—2008年与2008—2015年西藏高原生态系统及其关键服务的时空变化,科学地评估西藏高原生态工程的生态效应。结果表明：工程实施前、后8 a相比,1）西藏高原生态系统格局稳定少动,生态系统宏观状况趋向良性发展。森林面积持续增加,荒漠面积显著减少,水体与湿地面积从减少转变为增加。2）草地退化趋势明显减弱、草地恢复态势显著,退化草地占比下降了19.9%,恢复草地占比增加了33%。植被覆盖度增加趋势明显,平均提高了1.9%,特别是高寒草甸类。草地载畜压力明显减少,牧草供给能力提升,草畜矛盾有所缓解。3）生态系统水源涵养能力增加,碳汇总量略有提高,防风固沙服务能力稳步上升。然而,降雨量增加导致降雨侵蚀力增强,植被覆盖度增加但植被根系土壤层无法短时期内恢复,从而导致土壤保持服务能力有所下降。4）西藏高原的暖湿化气候有利于减缓荒漠化进程并促进生态系统恢复,而生态安全屏障保护与建设工程的实施对西藏高原生态系统服务能力的提升特别是工程区局部生态恢复具有一定的正面作用。     

青藏高原东部黄土粒度分布的端元模型研究

为了探讨青藏高原东部黄土粒度指标蕴含的物源和沉积信息,运用参数化端元分析模型对青藏高原东部地区采集的大量表土和马兰黄土样品粒度数据进行了分解。结果得到五个Gen.Weibull分布端元,分别是:(1)众数粒径为1~2μm和7~9μm的远源端元,可能由高空西风搬运而来;(2)众数粒径为35~45μm和60~80μm中远源端元,可能主要由高原季风搬运而来;(3)众数粒径为180~560μm的砂粒组分端元,可能主要为近源和局地来源。因此研究区黄土为多物源、多搬运动力下的风成沉积物。进一步比较端元间的众数粒径、标准偏差以及含量占比的差异,揭示了沉积区的地理位置、地形地貌等环境因素差异对黄土沉积有重要影响。此外,研究区与邻近的黄土高原西缘黄土粒度端元的特征差异指示了青藏高原东部黄土在搬运动力、物质来源及其贡献方面与西部黄土高原明显不同。     

青藏高原东缘黄土石英光释光信号积分区间选择

光释光信号积分区间的选择对等效剂量（D _e ）的估算有重要影响。光释光衰减曲线并非单一的指数衰减,而由多个指数衰减函数组成,且每个衰减函数代表不同的信号组分。因矿物晶格陷阱类型不同,各组分有不同的衰减率、热稳定性等。本文对采自青藏高原东缘4个典型黄土分布区的黄土样品进行了系统的石英光释光组分分析和背景区间扣除研究。结果发现：（1）高原东缘黄土石英光释光信号由快、中、慢组分组成,并以快组分占主导,适合用单片再生剂量法测定等效剂量;（2）不同背景区间扣除对小于10 Gy样品等效剂量结果影响较小,误差范围内一致;（3）对大于10 Gy样品,选取早、晚不同背景区间扣除其等效剂量结果差异显著,两者差值占晚期背景扣除所得D _e 值的10%—38%,且有随D _e 值增加而增大的趋势,因此计算大于10 Gy样品D _e 时应慎重选择积分区间。     

Effects of grassland degradation on chestnut soil properties in Bashang Plateau, China

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黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀遥感定量与信息系统研究——以陕西米脂县为例

本文在调查了米脂县土壤侵蚀现状和土地利用现状的基础上,对目前由于不合理的土地利用结构和耕作方式而造成人为加速侵蚀的问题作了分析,并认为土壤侵蚀是制约黄土高原丘陵沟壑区农业经济发展的根本原因。构成黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的基本地貌组合单元是小流域,它几乎包括了该区域的所有土地类型、地貌要素以及土壤侵蚀类型。因此以小流域为侵蚀系统的研究边界,分别对峁边线以上的面蚀、细沟侵蚀区和峁边线以下的沟蚀、重力侵蚀区进行土壤侵蚀的遥感定量分析,建立相应的侵蚀定量模型。在此基础上,探讨了为土壤侵蚀动态监测、水土保持和土地资源合理利用决策服务的土壤侵蚀信息系统的设计思想。该系统以小流域为基本设计单元,侵蚀定量模型为专业接口,重点考虑了系统的地学分析和专业数学模型的建立与应用功能。     

青藏高原农牧结合的功能、模式与对策

青藏高原民族众多 ,民族生存方式及资源利用形式的牧业化 ,构成了高原农业发展的一大特色。通过剖析透视高原农牧结合的功能特征 ,认为高原已形成核心农区、农区边缘地带、核心牧区、牧区边缘地带等4种可供选择的农牧结合生产模式 ,只有采取有效措施促进高原农牧业的有机结合 ,才有可能切实加快推进高原农业可持续发展的现代化进程 ,从而确保高原各民族人民的食物安全。