青藏高原基础研究中基础性工作与科学数据库建设

随着信息技术的发展 ,青藏高原科学研究的手段不断更新 ,研究周期逐渐缩短 ,相对来说支持研究的基础性工作比较薄弱 ,特别是科学数据库的建设。结合青藏高原信息方面的工作 ,文中阐述了基础性工作的内涵、意义和发展趋势 ,分析了青藏高原基础性工作的现状 ,近两年来科学数据库建设的情况 ,指出国家和目前在研的青藏项目要重视基础性工作。对在研项目 ,应从当前研究任务出发 ,强化数据的收集、整理、数字化和汇集方面的工作 ,为争取新的项目和深入研究奠定基础。     

黄土高原西部地区林业气候动态聚类分析

杨树是黄土高原的主要树种之一。本文根据阴山东段不同立地条件下25年生的四种杨树解析木生长量资料,与该地区同时期气候因素进行了关联分析,按关联度大小,选取了八个气候因素作为聚类因子,再将关联度归一化,求得各因子的权重,表示各气候因素对树木生长作用的大小。最后根据黄土高原西部68个气象站1951—1980年的气候资料,应用动态聚类分析法,把黄土高原西部地区划分成几个不同类型林业气候区,区划结果与实际考察基本相符合。     

Plant growth and soil microbial community structure of legumes and grasses grown in monoculture or mixture

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the in?uence of soil moisture content on plant growth and the rhizosphere microbial community structure of four plant species (white clover, alfalfa, sudan grass, tall fescue), grown individually or in a mixture. The soil moisture content was adjusted to 55% or 80% water holding capacity (WHC). The results indicated that the total plant biomass of one pot was lower at 55% WHC. At a given soil moisture, the total plant biomass of white clover and tall ...     

Historical trends of PCBs and PBDEs as reconstructed in a lake sediment from southern Tibetan Plateau

High-altitude lake sediment can be used as a natural archive to reconstruct the history of pollutants. In this work, the temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined using a high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in an alpine lake sediment core collected from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) to examine whether the expected decreasing trends due to the implementation of the international Conventions could be observed. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in the sediment core were in the range of 11.8–142 pg/g dw and ND-457 pg/g dw, and their fluxes were in the range of 2.51–31.7 ng/(m²·yr) and ND-43.2 ng/(m²·yr), respectively. The prevalence of low-chlorinated (tri-CB) PCBs and low-brominated (tri- to tetra-) PBDEs in most sections of the sediment profiles was observed, suggesting that the light molecular weight PCBs and PBDEs have most likely reached lake sediments by long-range atmospheric transport from distant sources. Despite the restrictions on their applications, the sediment records for the concentrations and fluxes showed no corresponding decreasing trend with restrictions for PCBs, which suggested that these POPs (e.g., PCBs) were still emitted to the environment owing to the influence of primary or secondary emissions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on input history of atmospheric PCBs and PBDEs recorded in TP Lake sediment.     

青藏高原湖泊水质变化及现状评价

为探讨青藏高原湖泊水质变化及现状,于2016年9—10月在青藏高原面上东北部G315沿线,中部S301、S302、S206沿线,南部G219、G318沿线及叶如藏布流域采集湖泊水样,通过实验最终得到33个湖泊水样数据,包括22个构造湖和11个冰湖;同时,分析了湖泊水化学指标浓度、水化学组成和湖水矿化度空间分布,并与20世纪90年代以前湖泊矿化度做对比,以揭示青藏高原近几十年湖泊水质变化及驱动因素,探讨青藏高原湖泊水质现状.结果显示:(1)青藏高原湖泊水化学指标浓度和水化学组成差异显著,构造湖水样水化学指标浓度远高于冰湖水样.按离子总量分类,22个构造湖有6个淡水湖、4个微咸水湖、1个咸水湖、11个盐湖;而11个冰湖均属于淡水湖;按湖水化学类型分类,22个构造湖有6个为Ca~(2+)(Mg~(2+))-SO_4~(2-)型湖泊,16个为Na~+(K~+)-Cl~-型湖泊,而11个冰湖均为Ca~(2+)(Mg~(2+))-SO_4~(2-)型湖泊.(2)青藏高原湖水矿化度时空差异显著,自高纬向低纬湖泊矿化度降低,与20世纪90年代前对比研究发现,青藏高原部分湖泊矿化度较90年代前降低,湖泊水体呈淡化趋势,可能与青藏高原地区气候变暖、降水量和冰川融水增加、蒸发减少有关.(3)由于受地理环境、气候条件及水化学特性的共同影响,青藏高原大部分构造湖pH值、TDS严重超标,其次有6个湖泊也受到F-的污染;冰湖水体受到Fe、Mn、Cr、Ni的污染较为严重,尤其重金属元素Cr、Ni超标极为严重,可能与人类活动有关.     

不同植被带生态恢复过程土壤团聚体及其稳定性——以黄土高原为例

为分析黄土高原不同植被带植被恢复对土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性的影响,以黄土高原从北到南不同纬度梯度分布的3个典型植被类型区域（草原带、森林草原带和森林带）为研究对象,对不同植被类型和恢复年限下的土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性进行了研究.结果表明：不同植被带对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性影响显著,大于0.25mm团聚体含量（WR_0.25）、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径（E_WMD）、水稳性团聚体几何平均直径（E_GMD）和有机质含量（SOM）整体上均表现为：森林带 > 森林草原带 > 草原带.不同植被带下不同恢复类型对土壤团聚体及其稳定性影响不一,森林草原带表现为灌木 > 草地 > 乔木,森林带则表现为乔木 > 草地.随植被恢复年限增大,各种恢复类型WR_0.25、E_GMD、SOM整体呈逐渐增加趋势,团聚体结构破坏率（PAD）和可蚀性因子（K）呈现相反的变化趋势;分形维数（D）无显著差异.冗余分析表明,植被带对土壤团聚体及其稳定性的影响最大,其次是恢复年限,恢复类型与植被带和恢复年限具有较强的交互作用.本研究有利于加强对区域生态恢复过程机理的认识.     

Export of dissolved carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances in rivers of the “Water Tower of Asia”

Rivers are critical links in the carbon and nitrogen cycle in aquatic,terrestrial,and atmospheric environments.Here riverine carbon and nitrogen exports in nine large rivers on the Tibetan Plateau—the"Water Tower of Asia"—were investigated in the monsoon season from 2013 to 2015.Compared with the world average,concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC,30.7 mg/L)were high in river basins of the plateau due to extensive topographic relief and intensive water erosion.Low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC,1.16 mg/L)were likely due to the low temperature and unproductive land vegetation environments.Average concentrations of riverine DIN(0.32 mg/L)and DON(0.35 mg/L)on the Tibetan Plateau were close to the world average.However,despite its predominantly pristine environment,discharge from agricultural activities and urban areas of the plateau has raised riverine N export.In addition,DOC/DON ratio(C/N,~6.5)in rivers of the Tibetan Plateau was much lower than the global average,indicating that dissolved organic carbon in the rivers of this region might be more bioavailable.Therefore,along with global warming and anthropogenic activities,increasing export of bioavailable riverine carbon and nitrogen from rivers of the Tibetan Plateau can be expected in the future,which will possibly influence the regional carbon and nitrogen cycle.     

Seasonal and spatial distributions of euphotic zone and long-term variations in water transparency in a clear oligotrophic Lake Fuxian, China

To assess the seasonal and spatial variations and long-term trends in water optical properties in Lake Fuxian, investigations based on field work in four seasons and a long-term analysis of data from 1980 to 2014 were conducted. The results show that there was no significant variation in the euphotic depth(Z_(eu)) across the four seasons, and no significant correlations between Z_(eu) and potential influencing factors in seasons other than summer, suggesting that the water itself may be a major factor regulating the Z_(eu)in general. Nevertheless, significant differences in Z_(eu) between the north region(NR) and the south region(SR) were observed in all seasonal tests except spring. This finding relates to a higher abundance of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in the NR due to runoff, especially in the rainy seasons(summer and autumn).CDOM and its terrigenous component had an important impact on Z_(eu)in summer, with the highest precipitation, and impacts from suspended solids and non-algal particles were also found in the NR in summer. The Secchi disk depth in the lake decreased clearly over the years,with significantly negative correlations with the increasing permanganate index and air temperature, implying that organic contaminants(CDOM and/or phytoplankton) are important regulators of water transparency. We estimate that the combined effects of climate warming and changes in land use and land cover are also indirect regulating factors. These findings should be considered in the protection of Lake Fuxian, owing to the importance of light penetration in aquatic ecosystems.     

青藏高原多年冻土区典型植被下河流溶解性有机碳的生物可利用性

选取青藏高原多年冻土区12条河流样品进行分析,结合流域内植被类型、流量大小、多年冻土面积与河流溶解性有机碳(DOC)的质量浓度、化学组成、生物可利用性之间的关系及分解动力学进行讨论.结果表明,分别在高寒草甸(AM)、高寒沼泽草甸-高寒草甸(ASM-AM)、高寒草甸-高寒草原(AM-AS)、高寒草甸-高寒草原-裸地(AM-AS-BL)为主的流域内,河流DOC的质量浓度依次为(5.17±0.21)、(5.02±0.50)、(3.55±0.25)和(2.79±0.41)mg·L-1,DOC的生物可降解性程度(BDOC)依次为(23.54±2.62)%、(23.66±3.31)%、(18.17±5.26)%和(11.72±15.56)%;相应地,流域内植被覆盖度越小,河流DOC的芳香性程度越大,DOC的可生物降解性和降解速率随着降低,并且BDOC在培养的过程中的反应遵循一级反应动力学原理;此外,连续多年冻土区河流的BDOC大于非连续多年冻土区的河流BDOC,大河的BDOC小于源头小河的BDOC.研究表明,流域内植被类型是影响多年冻土区河流BDOC的主要影响因素,同时,流量大小和多年冻土对BDOC也有一定的影响.     

西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程的宏观生态效应

西藏高原是我国重要的生态屏障、江河源区与生物物种基因库,为了保障其生态功能的持续有效发挥,2008年开始实施西藏高原生态安全屏障保护与建设工程。论文基于工程规划目标,通过对比监测2000—2008年与2008—2015年西藏高原生态系统及其关键服务的时空变化,科学地评估西藏高原生态工程的生态效应。结果表明：工程实施前、后8 a相比,1）西藏高原生态系统格局稳定少动,生态系统宏观状况趋向良性发展。森林面积持续增加,荒漠面积显著减少,水体与湿地面积从减少转变为增加。2）草地退化趋势明显减弱、草地恢复态势显著,退化草地占比下降了19.9%,恢复草地占比增加了33%。植被覆盖度增加趋势明显,平均提高了1.9%,特别是高寒草甸类。草地载畜压力明显减少,牧草供给能力提升,草畜矛盾有所缓解。3）生态系统水源涵养能力增加,碳汇总量略有提高,防风固沙服务能力稳步上升。然而,降雨量增加导致降雨侵蚀力增强,植被覆盖度增加但植被根系土壤层无法短时期内恢复,从而导致土壤保持服务能力有所下降。4）西藏高原的暖湿化气候有利于减缓荒漠化进程并促进生态系统恢复,而生态安全屏障保护与建设工程的实施对西藏高原生态系统服务能力的提升特别是工程区局部生态恢复具有一定的正面作用。