云南昌宁玉地里温泉水文地球化学特征及形成模式

以水化学及同位素技术为基础,对昌宁县玉地里温泉的地质及地热特征进行了研究,并取得了一些重要的认识.通过对比研究该温泉地下热水1980年和2012年的水文地球化学数据,发现经过30多年的循环演化,其水化学类型仍为HCO3-Na型.δD和δ18O同位素为该温泉首次获得,数据显示地下热水具有现代大气降水的氢氧同位素组成特征,属断裂带对流型深循环低温地下热水系统,其补给源区位于东部和南部山区,热储层和盖层的构造及岩性特征与地下热水的深循环和化学组成有着密切联系.     

武汉市耕地非农化的空间自相关分析

经济发展和城市扩张使包括耕地在内的大量开放空间被不断侵蚀,随着人们对耕地非市场价值和生态功能认识的不断加深,如何合理高效可持续地利用耕地被广泛关注。采用空间自相关分析方法从乡镇尺度定量研究了武汉市耕地非农化的空间关系,以探讨快速发展时期平原城市耕地非农化空间关系的变化及其原因。研究表明:(1)全局Morans I显示武汉市耕地非农化在1990~2011年的4个时期均呈现出显著的全局空间自相关,其聚集强度以2005年为分界点,前3个时期不断加强后有所下降;(2)通过EB修正的武汉市耕地非农化的LISA图显示武汉市耕地非农化的聚集区域由开始处于区域外围的LL型聚集为主导逐步转变为处于城乡交错区域的LH+HH型聚集为主导;(3)通过绘制不同时期不同聚集类型的重心移动路径可以发现LH+HH型聚集均出现先向东南再向东北移动的趋势,这种耕地非农化趋势与区域的产业布局有密切关系。通过空间自相关分析掌握武汉市耕地非农化的空间特征是开展耕地保护和实现耕地合理利用的基石,根据研究结果可以确定重点和优先管制区域以提升土地利用管制效果,协调好城市建设和耕地资源保护间的关系。     

如何保证热水锅炉的安全运行

针对热水锅炉的特点,阐述了如何保证热水锅炉的安全运行.     

Environmental assessment of dehydrated alfalfa production in Spain

Alfalfa is the major forage crop produced in temperate regions worlwide. Although this crop is currently used mainly for producing high-value livestock feed, its application for bioenergy production is a recent focus of interest. Even though it is not mandatory, alfalfa is normally dried in order to improve the quality of the final product. In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to quantify the environmental impacts linked to alfalfa production in the major cultivation zone in Spain (Ebro Valley), including field activities, dehydration and transport to farms for livestock feeding. In addition, the identification of the most relevant processes contributing to the environmental impact and the potential improvements actions were also defined as objectives. Inventory data were obtained mainly from interviews with farmers complemented with published literature and comments from experts.LCA results were obtained for global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidant formation, land use, non-renewable cumulative energy demand and human, terrestrial and aquatic ecotoxicities. Within the life cycle of alfalfa, the dehydration process, production of phosphate fertilizer, application of nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides, water consumption and final transport to the consumer (by road and ship) were identified as hot spots. Based on these, some improvement measures were proposed and evaluated: (i) reduction of the moisture content of alfalfa and the use of a higher percentage of biomass for combustion in the dehydration process, (ii) no application of nitrogen fertilizer in maintenance years and (iii) use of more efficient trucks for transport. Their implementation would produce significant reduction of eutrophication, global warming, acidification, non-renewable cumulative energy demand and, to a lesser extent, photochemical oxidation formation and human toxicity impacts.     

开花前后变水条件对春小麦的补偿效应

在防雨棚内的盆栽实验条件下，研究了4种梯度的10种不分组合对红芒麦和宁春10号产量及耗水量等的影响。结果表明，试验期间充分灌水，轻度，中度，重度干旱处理，随着干旱程度的加剧，株高，干物质积累，产量，耗水量都逐渐减少；红芒麦灌浆期不同程度的,匀有利于产量的形成，促进物质运输，提高千粒重，同时减少水分消耗，提高WUE；孕穗期干旱处理后，灌浆期复水，会造成减产，和灌浆期相比，孕穗期是水分的敏感的时期，而灌浆期对水分亏缺不敏感，两种小麦相比较，宁春10号耗水量大，产量低，抗旱性较强，图2表2参7     

中国的太阳能资源及应用潜力

太阳能资源被认为是21世纪最引人注目的可再生能源和洁净能源，为了经济的可持续发展，应该把环境保护和长期利益作为研究目标，文章估算了中国14个城市的太阳能资源，分析了太阳能热水系统和PIVP系统的经济性，研究结果表明，中国的太阳能利用潜力很大，政府应该对其发展发挥重要作用。     

济南市泉城公园生态环境需水量初步研究

以生态优先原则、兼容性原则、最大值原则和水质为重点的原则,采用生态环境需水量计算法中的直接计算法、功能法及换水周期法,从林地生态需水量、草地生态需水量、人工河湖蒸发需水量、人工河湖净化需水量、生物栖息地需水量、人工河湖渗漏需水量、景观与娱乐需水量和公园内设施用水等八个方面,对济南市泉城公园的生态环境需水量进行了初步研究。结果表明,在2005年气候条件下,济南泉城公园的生态环境需水量大约为1．0467×10^6m^3。在此基础上对提高泉城公园水资源利用价值及节约用水等方面提出了建议。     

西藏地区春青稞耗水特征及适宜灌溉制度探讨

以中科院拉萨高原生态试验站为依托,通过开展春青稞生长与土壤水分定位观测实验,利用SHAW模型实现对春青稞农田蒸散发与土壤水深层渗漏与补给过程模拟,分析了春青稞的耗水特征,并对其适宜的灌溉制度进行了初步探讨:①春青稞生长期间,耗水450 mm左右,其中,分蘖—拔节、拔节—抽穗、抽穗—蜡熟这3个阶段是春青稞的耗水旺期,耗水量占整个生长期的72%。把握住该时期的水分供应,对提高作物产量十分重要。②在春青稞的需水关键期降水量仅能满足作物需水的58%,必须补充人工灌溉;但现行的灌溉制度由于灌溉量较大,不仅加大土壤蒸发,更造成较大的深层渗漏。③在播种—出苗、拔节—抽穗期分别灌溉50 mm,抽穗—蜡熟期灌溉60 mm,共减少灌溉用水125 mm后,深层渗漏减少了81%(131 mm);深层土壤水向上补给量增加了55%(44 mm)。节水灌溉不仅减少了土壤蒸发与深层渗漏也促使深层土壤水向上补给根系层,应该大力推广这一灌溉制度。     

Small scale boilover and visualization of hot zone

Experimental studies of boilover were conducted in small scale rig at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia and Loughborough University, United Kingdom. The study at UTP was aimed to demonstrate the ability of conducting tests at a smaller scale to simulate the boilover phenomenon. At Loughborough University, a novel laboratory scale rig was designed and built in order to obtain visual records of fuels' behaviour in a pool fire. The ultimate objective of these studies is to develop a greater understanding of boilover pertaining to fires involving the contents of storage tanks. Fuel mixtures containing light and heavy components were burnt as to study the feasibility of reproducing hot zone formation and boilover in a smaller scale and a safe environment. Boilover occurred after certain period of burning. It is found that thickness of the hot zone changed with time. It is also found that the time needed to start boilover increased when fuel thickness increased. The visualization of the fuel behaviour during the experiments was obtained to better understand the formation and growth of hot zone, the boiling of water layer and hence the boilover occurrence. Based on the data analysis and the photographs recorded from the experiments, the laboratory scale experimental rig could be used to simulate the hot zone formation mechanism and the boilover event safely and successfully. Such information are important for the understanding towards boilover phenomenon.