饮水的化学组分与地氟病的关系

饮水的化学成分分析结果表明，徐州地区居民饮用水中的氟含量ｐＨ，Ｎａ＾＋，ＨＣＯ＾－３，Ａｓ，Ｂ和矿化度呈正相关关系，与Ｋ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ａｌ＾３＋，Ｂａ＾２＋，Ｓｉ＾４＋呈负相关关系。地氟病的发病率不仅与饮水的氟含量密切相关，而且受饮水中其它组份的制榴，饮水中Ｃａ＾２＋，Ａｌ＾３＋，Ｓｒ＾２＋，Ｂ，Ｓｉ＾４＋，Ｋ＾＋，Ｇｅ＾４＋等组分的增高可抑制或减缓地氟病的发生。     

用热分析法研究鼎湖山土壤的粘粒矿物

广东鼎湖山自然保护区的土壤主要为山地黄壤和赤红壤。本文用差热-热重-微商热重(DTA-TG-DTG)联合热分析法,对两种土壤的粘粒矿物进行了初步研究,确认两种土壤的粘粒矿物组成主要为伊利石、高岭石、三水铝石、蛭石、针铁矿等。伊利石、三水铝石、蛭石的含量山地黄壤多于赤红壤,而高岭石则相反。两种土壤的风化程度不高,土壤矿物风化主要处于幼年阶段,山地黄壤尤其明显。另外,对不同林型下的赤红壤也进行了对比研究,其粘粒矿物组成和数量差异不大。     

Is Current Consumption Excessive? A General Framework and Some Indications for the United States

Abstract:  Many prior studies have explored the implications of human population growth and environmentally problematic technologies for biodiversity loss and other forms of environmental degradation. Relatively few, however, have examined the impacts of the level and composition of consumption. We offer a framework that shows how the level and composition of a society's total consumption relate to the uses of various forms of capital and to the sustainability of natural resources and human well-being. We relate the framework to two main approaches—top–down macro studies and bottom–up computer models—for measuring whether overall consumption in the United States satisfies a sustainability requirement. Existing top–down studies have shortcomings that bias their results toward optimism, and current computer simulation models, although strong on revealing biophysical outcomes, are limited in their ability to evaluate impacts on human well-being. Although some ambiguities arise in determining whether overall consumption in the United States is excessive, our conclusions regarding the composition of U.S. consumption are unambiguous. Distorted consumption patterns and associated production methods lead to excessively rapid natural resource depletion; greater conservation would yield gains to current and future generations that more than compensate for the sacrifices involved. Public policies that deal with the composition problem not only would help conserve natural resources and improve current welfare but also would reduce the costs of meeting the goal of sustainability.     

嗜盐光合细菌的分离鉴定及其营养成分分析

从大连海岸的海泥中分离到 4株海洋光合细菌 :菌株C4 10、菌株DS2、菌株E3 和E4,它们都能在厌氧光照下营光异养生长 ,菌株C4 10还能够利用还原性硫化物营光自养生长 .依菌对NaCl的需求 ,菌株C4 10、DS2归属于嗜盐光合细菌 ,菌株E3 和E4属于耐盐光合细菌 .根据形态和培养特征、生理生化特征、光合作用内膜结构、泛醌组成、(G +C)的摩尔百分比等指标 ,菌株C4 10鉴定为Rhodovulumsulfidophilus (嗜硫小红卵菌 )、菌株DS2鉴定为Rhodobiummarinum (海红菌 )、菌株E3 和E4鉴定为Rhodobacterazotoformans.4株菌的营养成分分析表明 ,它们的细胞的最大生长量为 4× 10 9mL-1.粗蛋白含量占细胞干重的 5 5 %左右 ,菌株DS2高达 6 4 .2 % .4菌株所含氨基酸种类齐全 ,特别具备人和动物所必需的氨基酸 .4株菌均含有辅酶Q10和类胡萝卜素 .其中菌株C4 10的类葫萝卜素含量最高 .图 1表 6参 14     

Maternal quality and differences in milk production and composition for male and female Iberian red deer calves (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

Several theories predict a sex-biased investment either through unbalanced sex ratios in offspring or through differences in provisioning. According to them, one would expect an optimisation in indirect fitness, or else a compensation for increased mortality of one sex. In addition, biases in provisioning may also arise as a consequence of weight-dependent non-adaptive nutrient demands by offspring. This study examines milk provisioning and sex biases in offspring sex ratio together with maternal quality variables. Mothers of higher quality (weight and age) showed greater milk provisioning ability (in terms of production) resulting in greater calf weight gain. Mothers of sons produced greater yields of milk, milk protein, fat and lactose than mothers of daughters, and increased percentage of protein after controlling for higher male birth weight. In contrast, mothers of males did not differ from mothers of females in age or any body weight variables related to maternal quality. These results suggest that differences in milk production and composition for sons and daughters are rather a mechanism to optimise indirect fitness than a mechanism to compensate for increased mortality in male calves, or a consequence of greater weight-dependent nutrient demands by heavier male calves. Results also suggest that biases in milk provisioning may occur without biases in offspring sex ratio, and furthermore, in contrast to the prediction that biases should be relative to the mean investment of the population, that milk provisioning biases might not be relative.Communicated by F. Trillmich     

Compositional Limitations in Poly–3–Hydroxyalkanoates Produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans

It is well known that Pseudomonas oleovorans can utilize sodium octanoate for both cell growth and the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), but it can utilize sodium butyrate only for limited cell growth and not for the polyester formation when this substrate is the sole carbon source. Therefore, these two substrates were evaluated as cofeeds for the possible incorporation of 3-hydroxybutyryl groups in the resulting PHA. When sodium butyrate and sodium octanoate were fed to P. oleovorans as cosubstrates in various proportions, the resultant cell density and polymer content were proportional to the amount of sodium octanoate in the feed. The PHA extracted from cells grown in all combinations of these cosubstrates had similar unit compositions of approximately 8 mole % 3-hydroxyhexanoate, 91 mole % 3-hydroxyoctanoate and 1 mole % 3-hydroxydecanoate. 3-Hydroxybutyrate units were not detected in any of the PHAs isolated, indicating that these units could not be incorporated in the copolymer synthesized by P. oleovorans either because the cell did not synthesize that monomer or, if it did, the PHA synthase could not copolymerize it with the longer chain monomers.     

Virus retention and transport through Al-oxide coated sand columns: effects of ionic strength and composition

Knowledge of the factors that influence the fate and transport of viruses in porous media is very important for accurately determining groundwater vulnerability and for developing protective regulations. In this study, six saturated sand column experiments were performed to examine the effects of a positively charged Al-oxide, which was coated on sand particles, on the retention and transport of viruses (phiX174 and MS-2) in background solutions of different ionic strength and composition. We found that the Al-oxide coating on sand significantly removed viruses during their transport in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Mass balance calculations showed that 34% of the input MS-2 was inactivated/irreversibly sorbed on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand whereas 100% of phiX174 was recovered. Results from this study also indicated that higher ionic strength facilitated the transport of both phiX174 and MS-2 through the Al-oxide coated sand. This was attributed to the effect of ion shielding, which at higher ionic strength decreased the electrostatic attraction between the viral particles and the sand surface and consequently decreased virus sorption. Strong effect of the ionic strength indicates that an outer-sphere complexation mechanism was responsible for the virus sorption on the Al-oxide coated sand. Ion composition of the background solutions was also found to be a significant factor in influencing virus retention and transport. Virus transport was enhanced in the presence of phosphate (HPO(4)(2-)) as compared to bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)), and the effect of HPO(4)(2-) was more significant on MS-2 than on phiX174. The presence of bivalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) increased virus transport because the cations partially screened the negative charges on the viruses therefore decreased the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged sand surface and the negatively charged viruses. Mass recovery data indicated that bivalent cations gave rise to a certain degree of inactivation/irreversibly sorption of phiX174 on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand. On the contrary, the bivalent cations appeared to have protected MS-2 from inactivation/irreversibly sorption. This study provides some insights into the mechanisms responsible for virus retention and transport in porous media.     

Chemical composition of rainwater in the northeastern Romania, Iasi region (2003–2006)

Chemical composition of rainwater was studied in the northeastern Romania, Iasi region, and the concentrations of major inorganic and organic ions were measured in samples collected between April 2003 and December 2006. The pH of the rainwater is 5.92 (volume weighted mean average, VWM) suggesting a sufficient load of alkaline components neutralizing its acidity. On average, 97% of the acidity in the collected samples is neutralized by CaCO₃ and NH₃. Clear seasonal variations were observed for some of the identified ions (e.g., SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺). The data obtained during this work revealed that both concentrations and fluxes of anthropogenic source-related ions (e.g., SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺) are among the highest reported for European sites. It is shown that meteorology and long-range transport processes may concur to their high levels.