硫酸盐对微生物燃料电池脱氮的影响

构建了双室型微生物燃料电池(MFC),探讨了硫酸盐对MFC阴极脱氮效果和产电性能的影响。实验结果表明:缺氧阴极室中,硝酸盐氮、硫酸盐的还原存在一定的竞争关系,且硫酸盐对电子的竞争能力比硝酸盐氮强;当S与N的质量比(记为S/N)为2∶1时,72 h后的硫酸根去除率达96.41%,而硝酸盐氮去除率仅为36.86%;在S/N为2∶1的条件下,当电压达307.6 m V时,功率密度达最大值15.77 W/m2,电池内阻为100Ω,与未加入硫酸盐时相比产电性能明显提高。     

Interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials: A review

The heterogeneous Fenton reaction can generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals(·OH)from reactions between recyclable solid catalysts and H_2O_2 at acidic or even circumneutral pH.Hence,it can effectively oxidize refractory organics in water or soils and has become a promising environmentally friendly treatment technology.Due to the complex reaction system,the mechanism behind heterogeneous Fenton reactions remains unresolved but fascinating,and is crucial for understanding Fenton chemistry and the development and application of efficient heterogeneous Fenton technologies.Iron-based materials usually possess high catalytic activity,low cost,negligible toxicity and easy recovery,and are a superior type of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts.Therefore,this article reviews the fundamental but important interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials..OH,hydroperoxyl radicals/superoxide anions(HO_2./O_2~-.)and high-valent iron are the three main types of reactive oxygen species(ROS),with different oxidation reactivity and selectivity.Based on the mechanisms of ROS generation,the interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton systems can be classified as the homogeneous Fenton mechanism induced by surface-leached iron,the heterogeneous catalysis mechanism,and the heterogeneous reaction-induced homogeneous mechanism.Different heterogeneous Fenton systems catalyzed by characteristic iron-based materials are comprehensively reviewed.Finally,related future research directions are also suggested.     

Do phytotoxic allelochemicals remain in ashes after burning Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (boneseed)?

Australia is facing challenges in controlling Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera(boneseed). However, burning has achieved some success in this regard. We aimed to investigate the comparative phytotoxicity of boneseed dried powder and ashes(burnt at 450℃ and250℃). Phenolic compounds in powder and ashes were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu assay and HPLC. The phytotoxicity of boneseed powder and ash extracts was assessed through germination bioassay on Lactuca sativa and the phytotoxicity of litter and ashes was evaluated using field soil, both in growth chamber. Burning of boneseed reduced total phenolics in ashes of boneseed organs by 99% and 100% both at high and low temperatures. The four phenolic compounds that were detected in boneseed were either absent or at negligible levels in the ashes,with inversely related to temperature. Both boneseed ash extracts and litter ash-mediated soil significantly reduced phytotoxicity displaying increased germination, biometric and biochemical parameters of test species compared with unburnt powder extracts and litter powder-mediated soil respectively, with greater reduction of phytotoxicity found for ashes produced at the lower temperature. Interestingly, the ash extracts and litter ash-mediated soil were found to stimulate some of those parameters of the test species compared to control. There was no excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS) produced in test species exposed to ash extracts compared with unburnt powder extracts. These findings suggest that burning of boneseed is an appropriate method of weed control and that this approach will reduce phytotoxicity of this species on native plants.     

全氟辛酸对酿酒酵母细胞毒性作用

全氟辛酸(PFOA)广泛应用于工业生产中,具有高度的生物毒性及生物蓄积性,然而PFOA对环境微生物的毒性影响仍有待深入开展.通过流式细胞术测定了酵母菌在不同浓度PFOA胁迫下细胞膜通透性、ROS、线粒体跨膜电位的变化,并且测定了MDA含量和Na+K+-ATPase、Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性变化.结果显示PFOA可使PI染色细胞比例增高,酿酒酵母细胞膜通透性增大、ROS和MDA含量升高、线粒体跨膜电位降低,且ROS含量、MDA含量与线粒体跨膜电位降幅均与PFOA胁迫浓度和时间呈正相关.Na+K+-ATPase、Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性先上升后降低,表明酿酒酵母在PFOA胁迫下,其生理活性受到抑制甚至发生细胞凋亡.证明PFOA对酿酒酵母具有生物毒性,100 mg·L-1PFOA对酿酒酵母具有即时毒性.该结果可为PFOA的影响评价提供更多依据.     

浙江慈溪不同利用年限水稻土主要微生物过程强度的比较

测定了浙江慈溪5个不同利用年限水稻土(50～2000 a)的微生物功能多样性、呼吸作用强度、硝化作用强度及产甲烷势,比较分析了水稻土主要微生物过程强度与利用年限的相关性.结果发现,2000 a水稻土的单一碳源底物利用能力最高,而1000 a水稻土的短期利用能力也明显高于50～700 a的水稻土;随着利用年限的延长,水稻土微生物群落的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数均趋于升高,利用年限相距500 a以上的水稻土的碳源利用特性在主成分PCA1或PCA2上有较好的分离;随着利用年限的延长,水稻土的呼吸强度显著降低,硝化强度和产甲烷势也趋于下降结果表明,水稻土在持续利用之后,微生物群落功能多样性得到一定加强,而一些调控温室气体排放的微生物过程强度明显减弱.     

L-半胱氨酸预还原-HG-AFS法测定原煤中总砷

采用L-半胱氨酸为预还原剂,建立了氢化物发生原子荧光法测定原煤中总砷的方法。考察了仪器条件、氢化物发生条件、L-半胱氨酸浓度对砷的荧光信号的影响,并进行了共存元素的干扰实验。结果表明,砷的检出限为0.22μg/L,相对标准偏差在0.87%左右。用标准参考物质煤飞灰对方法进行了验证,所得结果与标准参考值相符。本法测定原煤中的总砷含量,样品相对误差在0.73%~5.3%,结果满意。     

风力发电对江苏省的环境影响及对策初探

在分析江苏省风能资源和风电开发利用现状的基础上,叙述了风电开发对江苏省区域环境产生的环境影响。风力发电同其他发电方式相比,可以减少大气污染物的排放,减少对淡水的污染,带动周边经济的发展等正面的环境影响;同时在施工过程和运行过程也会对周边环境和生态产生负面环境影响,如阴影、噪音影响以及对鸟类的负面影响。在分析以上的基础上,为江苏省的风电开发提出有效的环境保护措施及相关的应对策略。     

中国风力发电公司融资模式探讨

在中国目前积极鼓励发展可再生能源产业前提下,风力发电产业面临着重大的发展机遇,风电产业发展对资金需求迫切。本文对中国目前风力发电公司的融资现实情况进行了分析,提出了风力发电公司应逐步改变目前主要依靠商业金融机构贷款这种融资方式,重点实施向政策性金融机构融资,通过上市等资本手段融资本,吸收私募股权投资,并运用CDM进行融资,实现融资渠道的多样化,降低融资成本,实现风力发电公司的利益最大化。     

可持续发展观中的和谐环境伦理意蕴

从把握可持续发展观中的和谐环境伦理意蕴入手,就找到了解读可持续发展观内涵的一个很好的突破口。可持续发展观内涵中具有丰富的和谐环境伦理思想。可持续发展观主张“人与自然的协调发展”与和谐环境伦理意蕴是趋同的;可持续发展观主张“经济发展与资源开发利用的协调发展”与和谐环境伦理意蕴是一致的;可持续发展观主张“人类世代永续长存”与和谐环境伦理是相符的;可持续发展观主张可持续发展应成为“全球性问题”与和谐环境伦理意蕴是相适应的。     

Seasonal variation of municipal solid waste generation and composition in four East European cities

The quality of recyclable and residual municipal solid waste (MSW) is, among other factors, strongly influenced by the seasonal variation in MSW composition. However, a relatively marginal amount of published data on seasonal MSW composition especially in East European countries do not provide sufficient information on this phenomenon. This study provides results from municipal waste composition research campaigns conducted during the period of 2009–2011 in four cities of Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine and Georgia). The median monthly MSW generation values ranged from 18.70 in Kutaisi (Georgia) to 38.31 kg capita⁻¹ month⁻¹ in Kaunas (Lithuania). The quantitative estimation of seasonal variation was performed by fitting the collected data to time series forecasting models, such as non-parametric seasonal exponential smoothing, Winters additive, and Winters multiplicative methods.