空气CO2体积分数升高对稻麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响

利用无锡市安镇的FACE研究平台，在施常规氮量和低氮量的条件下，研究CO2体积分数升高对稻麦轮作系统水稻和小麦根系活力及其VA菌根侵染率的影响。结果表明，在常氮和低氮条件下，FACE处理对小麦和水稻根系活力都有促进作用，并使小麦VA菌根侵染率在拔节期和孕穗期有增加趋势，小麦根系活力和VA菌根侵染率有正相关关系。施N量不足对作物根系生长和活力有一定影响，可以被CO2体积分数升高的影响所补偿。     

油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累

油料作物对亲脂性DDT的吸收富集能力是否会更强是一个值得研究的问题。采用DDT老化残留土壤,温室盆栽油料作物花生(Arachishypogaea),大豆(Glycinemax)和芝麻(Sesamumindicum)。果实成熟后将植株分成根、茎、果壳和果仁四部分,GC-ECD测定各部位中的DDT浓度。研究了油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累情况,结果表明,∑DDT在三种作物不同部位中的浓度顺序都是:根>茎>果壳>果仁。含油量高的花生果仁和芝麻果仁中∑DDT浓度都明显高于大豆果仁的∑DDT浓度,这种差异有可能是由果仁含油量的差异造成的。单株植物吸收积累∑DDT的总量顺序为:花生>芝麻>大豆。花生、大豆和芝麻三种作物的根和茎的生物富集系数都比较高,特别是花生的,说明这三种油料作物根部从土壤中吸收积累老化残留DDT的能力以及从根部向茎部运输DDT的能力都是相当强的。     

大豆根系分泌物和根细胞壁对难溶性磷的活化

探讨了不同磷效率大豆品种根系细胞壁和根分泌物对难溶性铝磷的活化与吸收能力。结果表明，砂培条件下，磷高效品种(巴西10号)对难溶性铝磷的吸收显著高于磷低效品种(本地2号)。铝磷处理条件下，根系总表面积巴西10号是本地2号的131％，而钾磷处理二者没有明显差异。根系细胞壁对铝磷的活化表明，大豆苗期根系细胞壁对铝磷的活化量显著高于成熟期。苗期、成熟期巴西10号对铝磷的活化量为本地2号的119％、176％。不同栽培方式根系细胞壁对铝磷的活化量表现为水培大于砂培，水培条件下两个大豆基因型对铝磷的活化量没有差异。不同生育时期、栽培方式根分泌物对铝磷的活化量表现为，成熟期大于苗期，砂培大于水培。巴西10号根分泌物对铝磷的活化量比本地2号分别高出69．3％(成熟期)和40．1％(砂培)。上述研究结果表明，大豆根分泌物和根细胞壁对难溶性铝磷的溶解具有促进作用，有利于大豆对铝磷的吸收。     

NONLINEAR MODELING AND PREDICTION OF A RIVER FLOW SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: Model estimation and prediction of a river flow system are investigated using nonlinear system identification techniques. We demonstrate how the dynamics of the system, rainfall, and river flow can be modeled using NARMAX (Nonlinear Autoregressive Moving Average with eXogenuous input) models. The parameters of the model are estimated using an orthogonal least squares algorithm with intelligent structure detection. The identification of the nonlinear model is described to represent the relationship between local rainfall and river flow at Enoree station (inputs) and river flow at Whitmire (output) for a river flow system in South Carolina.     

利用集合均方根卡尔曼滤波反演重庆地区SO2源排放

传统的"自下而上"清单方法估算的排放清单,其数据的准确性和时效性存在较大局限.基于集合均方根卡尔曼滤波的源清单反演方法,结合WRF-CMAQ（天气研究和预报模式-公共多尺度空气质量模型）被用于对以清华大学编制的2010年MEIC（中国多尺度排放清单模型）排放清单为基础制作的重庆地区SO₂排放源进行反演试验以解决准确性和时效性问题,试验时间段为2014年10月15-31日,重庆主城17个环境空气质量国控监测点ρ（SO₂）小时观测资料用于反演及检验.结果表明:该方法能够反演重庆地区SO₂源排放量,随着反演次数增加,基于反演排放源预报的ρ（SO₂）预报误差持续减小,反演4次后预报误差达到比较低的稳定的水平,其均方根误差均低于20 μg/m3. 5次反演后SO₂源排放量用于2014年10月24-29日每天起始预报,其预报的站点、时间平均的均方根误差从100~400 μg/m3降至30 μg/m3以下.反演中应用局地化尺度减少集合取样误差影响,54与81 km两个局地化尺度反演结果对预报改善效果相当,表明主要影响重庆主城ρ（SO₂）的源排放位于主城及周边地区,也说明内源排放对重庆主城ρ（SO₂）起主要影响.反演后面源排放量主城区降幅约为30 kg/（d·km2）,周边地区减少10~20 kg/（d·km2）,主城区部分SO₂点源排放量降幅约为25 kg/（d·km2）,说明2010年MEIC排放清单高估了试验时段重庆地区的SO₂排放.      

基于CESM-EnSRF系统全球甲烷及臭氧卫星资料同化试验研究

臭氧(O3)与甲烷(CH4)均是大气中重要的微量气体,对全球气候变化有着重要的影响.为提高全球范围的臭氧、甲烷在气候模式中的预报效果,使用集合平方根滤波(En SRF)同化方法及地球系统模式(CESM)构建了CESM-En SRF卫星资料同化预报系统,并通过设计试验,将大气红外探测器(AIRS)的臭氧与甲烷观测资料同化到气候模式中,对模式的同化再预报效果进行系统的测试与评估.结果显示,臭氧、甲烷分析集合均值的偏差及均方根误差皆低于背景集合均值的偏差及均方根误差.臭氧、甲烷的同化再预报偏差及均方根误差较控制实验都得到改善,但对5 h Pa以上高度臭氧预报准确性的改进效果很小.随循环同化的进行,平流层臭氧与甲烷的平均同化改进率呈增加趋势,并逐渐趋于稳定;对流层平均同化改进率随时间变化不明显.试验表明,该系统可有效利用臭氧与甲烷的观测资料对模式场进行合理的改善,从而有效地提高臭氧、甲烷在气候模式中的再预报效果,但对于平流层顶-中间层高度(5 h Pa以上)臭氧预报准确度的提高,模式中臭氧光化学过程的准确模拟较同化观测资料具有更重要的作用.此外,循环同化对提高5~150 h Pa高度臭氧及1~200 h Pa高度甲烷在CESM模式中的预报效果最有效.     

乌东矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采顶板破断特征研究

为研究急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采顶板破断特征,基于急倾斜特厚煤层工作面顶板赋存条件并结合弹性力学,建立了急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采顶板力学模型。通过力学模型分析,推导出急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采后顶板沿工作面倾向方向的岩板破断判据及挠度公式,应用三角级数方法对挠度公式进行求解,确定了顶板沿倾向方向上最大挠度发生的位置关系式。理论研究成果在乌东矿南采区B1+2急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采中的工程应用表明,工作面沿倾向方向上推进到385 m时顶板发生破断,倾向方向顶板最大挠度坐标位置为y=325.78 m,顶板沿工作面倾向方向的最大挠度位于采空区中部偏下位置。表现为急倾斜特厚煤层顶板在工作面上方的非对称性破断;相似材料试验进一步验证了顶板挠度公式的合理性。     

两种基因型菜心根系形态和生理特性差异对其吸收累积DEHP影响的初步研究

在前期筛选出油青60天菜心和特青60天菜心分别为PAEs高/低吸收累积基因型菜心的基础上,进行邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)不同污染水平的溶液培养试验,对比研究两种基因型菜心的根系形态和生理特性的差异,初步探讨其与菜心吸收累积DEHP的关系.结果表明,随着培养液中DEHP浓度的增加,在根系形态方面,两种基因型菜心根系生物量、总根长和根表面积均下降,油青60天菜心根直径变粗,而特青60天菜心根直径变细;在根系生理特性方面,油青60天菜心除了根系活力下降外,总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、比表面积和根系脂肪含量均增加,而特青60天菜心除了根系活跃吸收面积增加外,其余指标均下降.因此,两种基因型菜心的根系形态和生理特性对DEHP胁迫响应存在差异.除根直径外,油青60天菜心根系形态和生理指标总体上均高于特青60天菜心,更有利于其根系对DEHP的捕获和吸收.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

Enhanced adaptability of Sesbania rostrata to Pb/Zn tailings via stem modulation

Sesbania rostrata is renowned for its stem nodulation, but the role of stem nodulation in the root nodulation and adaptation of S.rostrata to Pb/Zn-enriched tailings environment has been poorly understood.We investigated the effects of inoculating (with stem nodule treatment) and non-inoculating (without stem nodule treatment) Azorhizobium caulinodans on the growth, root nodulation, and N fixation of S.rostrata grown on three different types of soil substrata: Pb/Zn tailings, garden soil amended tailings, and garden soil.The results showed that plant height, stem basal diameter, biomass, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content and N-accumulation per plant were 2.3%-4.9%, 2.2%-7.7%, 27.8%-72.2%, 17.1%-23.5%, 12.3%-34.2%, and 43.1%-131.2% higher in treatments with stem nodule than those without stem nodule for the same soil substrate, respectively.With respect to soil substrata, all the measurements had consistently higher values in tailings than in amended tailings and garden soil, indicating that the poorer the soil condition, the greater the contribution of stem nodule.In contrast, the number and fresh weight of root nodules on plants without stem nodule were 6.9-11.6 times and 5.8-29.0 times higher than those with stem nodule, respectively, especially with respect to the plants grew on Pb/Zn tailings.In general, stem nodulation favored plant growth and nitrogen fixation of S.rostrata, but suppressed root nodulation.With the ability of stem and root nodulation, S.rostrata can be used as a pioneer plant species for remediation of Pb/Zn tailings.