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323.
The sacred groves along the forest belts of south India, which were traditionally managed by village communities, are gradually disappearing. This study conducts an analysis of how this community‐based resource management institution has evolved over time and what socio‐economic factors have caused its gradual disintegration. Commercial agriculture, changing demographics and weak property‐rights systems are found to be some of the enabling factors. While the grass‐roots enthusiasm to save the sacred groves is still alive, government action is needed to strengthen the traditional village organizations, which are still perhaps in the best position to manage local resources. Several economic and financial incentive mechanisms at the local level that might lead to more efficient and equitable resource use outcomes are suggested. 相似文献
324.
Alan Miller 《Environmental management》1993,17(5):563-574
There is a continuing debate about the proper role of analytical (positivist) science in natural resource decision making.
Two diametrically opposed views are evident, arguing for and against a more extended role for scientific information. The
debate takes on a different complexion if one recognizes that certain kinds of problem, referred to here as “wicked” or “trans-science”
problems, may not be amenable to the analytical process. Indeed, the mistaken application of analytical methods to trans-science
problems may not only be a waste of time and money but also serve to hinder policy development. Since many environmental issues
are trans-science in nature, then it follows that alternatives to analytical science need to be developed. In this article,
the issues involved in the debate are clarified by examining the impact of the use of analytical methods in a particular case,
the spruce budworm controversy in New Brunswick. The article ends with some suggestions about a “holistic” approach to the
problem. 相似文献
325.
森林火灾重灾时段对太阳活动,厄尔尼诺,南方涛动异常的响应 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文根据天地生相互作用原理,研究了黑龙江近40多年来森林火灾灾情年际变化规律,发现森林火灾重灾时段(年)与太阳活动谷年及其次年基本同步,与ENSO密切相关;三者是形成“重灾时段”的重大天地生原因。 相似文献
326.
Forest gardens are traditional agroecosystems in the humid tropics that have evolved a forestlike structure and as such are
commonly thought to be a good example of sustainable agriculture. While this may be true in the sense of soil protection and
maintenance of biodiversity, they are not necessarily maintainable in the context of competing land use in the landscape.
Such appears to be the case of forest gardens in the uplands of Uva Province of Sri Lanka. This paper reports an agroecological
analysis of forest gardens and other forms of land use in Uva, and discusses how this understanding can be used to make use
of the good properties of forest gardens. It shows that although they have very real environmental and social benefits, they
are unable to satisfy the material needs of a rural population undergoing demographic and cultural changes. However, the alternative
land-use systems, both private smallholder and state owned, have serious deficiencies with respect to long-term sustainability,
and it is essential to develop appropriate alternatives. It should be possible to design a smallholder farming system that
incorporates the high productivity of market gardens (i.e., the cultivation of seasonal crops such as vegetables) with, at
least, the high stability and biophysical sustainability of the forest garden. Considerable work still needs to be done on
the design of such a system as well as the agency for its development and promotion. The paper treats the forest gardens of
Uva as a case study from which some general conclusions can be drawn with respect to the conscious development of forest garden
systems elsewhere in the tropics. 相似文献
327.
Control of landscape diversity by catastrophic disturbance: A theory and a case study of fire in a Canadian boreal forest 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A landscape may be envisioned as a space partitioned by a number of ecosystem types, and so it conforms to a neo-Clementsian model of succession. A corollary is that intermediate disturbance rates should maximize landscape (beta) diversity. This was confirmed using eight boreal forest landscapes in northwestern Ontario, Canada, where intermediate rates of forest fire were associated with highest landscape diversity. Because current measures of evenness subsume a richness measure, it is not, as yet, feasible to assess the relative contributions of evenness and richness to biological diversity, and thus it was not possible to determine the roles of numbers of habitat types and relative amounts of habitat types in the above situation. Both theory and observations suggest that forest fire control in fire-prone landscapes increases landscape diversity, but that it is lowered by fire control in landscapes of intermediate to low diversity. 相似文献
328.
This paper analyzes five major causes of park-people conflicts that have occurred in Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park.
The causes include illegal transactions of forest products from the park, livestock grazing in the park, illegal hunting and
fishing, crop damage, and threats to human and animal life caused by wild animals from the park. The conflicts indicate a
reciprocal relationship between the park and local people. They reflect the attitudes of local people and representatives
of the park authority whose priorities and objectives largely diverge. The results show that people settled adjacent to the
park are heavily dependent on its resources. Even in places where some, albeit few alternative sources exist, local people
continue to trespass the park boundary as these sources are inadequate to ensure the fulfillment of local people's resource
needs. Illegal transactions of resources continue throughout the year; however, they are less intense during summer due to
flooding caused by the Rapti River, which forms the park boundary towards the northern section where this study is conducted.
The frequency of local people's visits to the park is mainly determined by their age, distance between homesteads and park,
and volume of crop loss caused by wild animals. Crop damage is the function of size of landholding, distance, and frequency
of crop raid. Local people claim that they have no intention of letting their livestock graze in the park; however, the dense
vegetation of the park attracts livestock grazing on riverbanks just outside the open park boundary. Many head of livestock
are killed by carnivores of the park. Human casualties are mainly caused by sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), tiger (Panthera tigris), wild pig (Sug scrofa), and rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). There had been some earlier attempts to reconcile the conflicts by offering local people different kinds of compensations;
however, these were unsuccessful measures. An integrated approach is essential if efforts to resolve the park-people conflicts
are to succeed. The government is in the process of launching a project that aims to resolve the inherent problems with such
an approach. Suggestions are made to incorporate some key elements, such as maintaining effective communication between various
parties and the potential for wildlife conservation among local people. 相似文献
329.
秦皇岛海滨森林公园森林景观改造探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
秦皇岛海滨森林公园是秦皇岛沿海防护林的重要组成部分,也是秦皇岛重要的城市森林公园之一。针对秦皇岛海滨森林公园阔叶树多、针叶树少、树种单一、林龄老化、景观单调的现状.探讨了森林公园景观改造的原则、措施和技术,并描绘了景观改造后的效果。 相似文献
330.
Saigal S 《Environmental management》2000,26(3):269-281
/ During the last decade, a major initiative for community involvement in the management of state forest lands was started in India in the form of Joint Forest Management (JFM) programs. Despite the progress and positive impacts, the JFM program is still in the experimental phase. Latent conflicts related to caste, class, and gender issues are threatening JFM institutions at the village level. The Forest Department is also facing a number of internal conflicts as it tries to adjust to its new role under JFM. Some thoughtful and creative attempts have been made to resolve these conflicts. However, a much more concerted effort is required along with creation of suitable mechanisms at local, state, and national levels to discuss and resolve present and future conflicts. 相似文献