Accumulation of Biophilic Elements in the Needles of Picea Species in Natural and Urbanized Ecosystems of Siberia and Central Asia in Relation to the Assessment of Environmental Quality

Variation in the content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe has been analyzed in the needles of 19 spruce species growing in the natural and urbanized ecosystems of Siberia and Central Asia. The results have shown that similarity in the content of biophilic elements in one-year-old needles of different species is conditioned by biochemical processes, which confirms the status of these species as passive bioindicators of environmental quality. The contents of trace elements in perennial needles, except color variations of chlorophyll, deserve further study as prospective indicators of environmental quality.     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

La-PTFE共掺杂二氧化铅电极的制备及其性能研究

以Ti为基体,掺杂La2O3和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),通过电沉积法制备了Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+La2O3+β-PbO2电极,并将所制备的电极应用于亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水的降解.结果发现,与常规的Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+β-PbO2电极相比,Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+La2O3+β-PbO2电极对亚甲基蓝及COD有较好的去除效果.含有La2O3活性层的Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+La2O3+β-PbO2电极在电解质浓度为0.15mol.L-1,电极极距为6.0cm的酸性条件下降解亚甲基蓝的效果最佳.降解3.0h后,对100mg.L-1亚甲基蓝的去除率可达到97.92%,对COD去除率为93.39%.SEM结果显示,Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+La2O3+β-PbO2电极表面颗粒鲜明,比表面积增大,改善了电极的微观结构和催化效果.电化学测试表明,La2O3的掺杂显著提高了二氧化铅电极的析氧过电位,显示出较好的应用前景.     

南昌市秋季大气PM2.5中金属元素富集特征及来源分析

采集2013年秋季南昌市6个不同区域的大气PM_(2.5)样品,分析PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其中18种金属元素(Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Ba、Co、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg)的富集特征,并用多元统计分析法探讨了PM_(2.5)中上述元素主要来源.结果表明,南昌市秋季大气PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度满足《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准限值(≤75μg·m~(-3)).Mn、Ti、Al和V的富集因子小于1.0,表明这些元素基本没有富集;Fe、Cr、Co、K、Mg、Ba、Ca、Cu和As的富集因子范围为1.7~7.8,表明这些元素受到自然源和人为源的共同影响;Hg、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd的富集因子范围为21.9~481.2,表明这些元素受到明显的人为污染.综合相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明:PM_(2.5)中Mg、K、Al、Ca、Ti主要来源于土壤及建筑尘;As、Hg主要来自燃煤;Ba、Ni、Mn主要来自金属冶炼排放;V、Cu、Fe、Cd、Pb、Cr、Co主要来自交通源;Zn主要受金属冶炼和燃煤的影响.     

水泥工业区内土壤剖面金属元素量特征及其指示意义

为了研究水泥工业区内污染土壤中金属元素含量变化特征,对安徽省凤阳县水泥工业区内一条土壤剖面中金属元素(Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na、Cr、Ba、Mn、Zn)含量进行了测量。结果显示,土壤剖面分2层,第一层(0～20 cm)为污染层,该层Al、Fe、Mg、Na、Ba、Mn、Cr元素主要来源于自然土壤,没有富集,Ca、K、Zn元素主要来源于水泥粉尘的输入,存在富集,其中0～2 cm土壤的富集因子最大,Ca和Zn含量最高,指示0～2 cm土壤被污染的程度最深。第二层(20 cm以下)为土壤母质层,该层各金属元素含量相对比较稳定。由于0～2 cm土壤中Ca、Zn元素还没有大量向下淋溶,导致第一层土壤中Ca、Zn含量随采样深度的增加而减少。土壤剖面中Ca和Zn的含量能指示水泥粉尘对工业区土壤环境的污染,土壤母质层的Ca、Zn含量可以作为参考的警戒值。     

湘西北黑色泥灰岩风化剖面重金属富集的地球化学机制

通过对湘西北地区黑色泥灰岩风化剖面（DM剖面）中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Th、U 8种重金属元素地球化学特征的研究,并与区域上发育于黑色页岩的2条风化剖面的对比分析,初步揭示了黑色泥灰岩风化剖面中重金属富集的地球化学机制。结果表明：（1）与黑色页岩相比,黑色泥灰岩风化成土过程中重金属元素普遍呈现出低背景、高富集的地球化学特征。（2）黑色泥灰岩风化剖面的形成,是在基岩中碳酸盐快速溶蚀的基础上（基岩的酸溶相含量为78.57%）,由酸不溶相进一步演化的结果。在此过程中,对于无明显外源输入的元素Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Th、U,一方面,赋存在酸溶相的部分随碳酸盐的淋失而亏损甚至强烈亏损（其中Th相对惰性）;另一方面,残余在酸不溶相的部分因基岩中大量碳酸盐的淋失而显著富集,且随风化剖面的演化未显示出进一步的亏损。因此,这些元素在风化剖面中的富集是绝对（强烈）亏损和显著相对富集的综合结果。对于Cd,存在明显的外源输入,可能主要以水溶态形式带入并大量淀积在剖面下部。（3）在黑色泥灰岩风化剖面,有机质（OM）不是重金属元素的主要赋存介质,其对重金属元素地球化学行为的影响有限。（4）黑色泥灰岩发育的土壤中,Cu和Cd的平均含量分别为54.58 mg/kg和0.58 mg/kg,高于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,特别是Cd,对土壤生态环境可能形成不利影响,应引起关注。     

A case study of spatial variation and enrichment of selected elements in ambient particulate matter around a large coal-fired power station in Central India

The dominant use of coal in power sectors has been associated with adverse environmental impacts. Ambient air monitoring for the two size fractions of particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM) in the downwind and upwind directions of a large coal-fired power station in central India, was carried out. Collected samples of ambient particulate matter were analysed atomic absorption spectrophotometrically for 15 elements. Spatial variability in elemental composition of RSPM and NRSPM and the degree of enrichment of these toxic metals in RSPM were investigated. A significant spatial variability for the elements in RSPM and NRSPM and higher degrees of enrichment of the elements were observed.     

外源稀土La在沉积物中的形态及其生物可利用性

将沉积物中的外源稀土La分为可溶解态、酸可提取态、有机质及硫化物结合态,研究了小球藻(Chlorella Vulgaris Beijerinck)对这三种形态La的生物可利用性.研究结果表明:这三种形态的La在沉积物中的含量与其在藻中的含量有很好的相关关系.其中可溶解态La的生物可利用性最大,这说明,沉积物中La的释放对其生物可利用性至关重要.     

Trace Element Contaminants in Sediments From the Noaa National Status and Trends Programme Compared to Data From Throughout the World

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Status and Trends (NS&T) Programme has analyzed samples of surface sediment collected at almost 300 coastal and estuarine sites throughout the United States since 1984. the overall distributions for concentrations of each element are approximately lognormal allowing a definition of geometric means and of “high” concentrations as those exceeding the mean plus one standard deviation of the lognormal distribution. Those mean and “high” concentrations should be useful for comparing the NS&T data set and with other reports on sediment contamination. A world-wide data set, constructed from data in the literature, was summarized in an identical manner. It was found, after excluding locally extreme values, that the NS&T and world-wide data sets yielded very similar mean and “high” concentrations for Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Chromium was the sole element showing higher summary statistics in the NS&T data set, a result attributed to NS&T sampling in areas of naturally (not contaminated) elevated Cr content. It remains undetermined, however, why the world-wide data set, even with exclusion of “hot spots”, yielded higher means and “highs” for Cd, Hg, As, and Ag.     

Production, Consumption and the World Summit on Sustainable Development

At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), world leaders agreed that eliminating unsustainable production and consumption is one of the three overriding objectives of sustainable development. Achieving that objective should have been a major priority for the WSSD Plan of Implementation. Increases in consumption and production over the past decade were largely responsible for the worsening environmental and social trends. Unfortunately, the negotiators of the Plan paid insufficient attention to the lessons from 10 years of discussions about the concepts, the available policies and tools and their effectiveness, the impacts of those policies on developing countries, and the political commitment of countries in an era of globalization. Despite a promising proposal for a new ten-year work programme aimed at bridging the gap implementing the Agenda 21 commitments from Rio, Summit negotiators produced barely more than a muted echo of recommendations from the past which have yet to be taken seriously enough by the world's leaders in a comprehensive intergovernmental strategy. In the ten-year review of progress to achieve sustainable production and consumption (SPAC), governments quickly skipped past the critical work of examining why things are getting worse, avoiding the task of identifying the obstacles (which in some cases were themselves) and in turn avoiding the commitment to time-bound measurable targets. If nothing else, the WSSD demonstrated that a global strategy to achieve SPAC will come not from a UN consensus of world leaders but from a strategic alliance of responsible governments, civil society and others with a vision beyond the next election cycle.