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Two fundamental aspects of invasion dynamics are population growth and population spread. These quantities have been subject of study in biological invasions and can be used to study management and control of organisms. In this paper we derive formulae to calculate wave speed and rates of spread for coupled map lattices. Coupled map lattice models are dynamical models where space and time are discrete. We also show how wave speed and rate of spread can be calculated for structured population coupled map lattices in deterministic, stochastic environments and heterogeneous landscapes. Coupled map lattices are simple mathematical models that can be easily linked to landscape data to study invading organisms control strategies. 相似文献
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Erhun Kula 《Resources Policy》1986,12(4)
In this paper a rate of return analysis is carried out on public forestry in Northern Ireland. Analysis is based on the results obtained in two very different locations: a 100-hectare acquisition in the western part of the province where the quality of land is generally poor and a 10-hectare plantation in the east where soil and other conditions are reasonably good. The species in question is Sitka spruce, an evergreen variety which is planted for commercial purposes throughout the UK. Rate of return figures obtained here indicate that even with narrow commercial considerations, forestry in Northern Ireland is a sound venture and should expand rapidly to moderate the timber deficiency which exists in the province as well as in the UK and the EEC. 相似文献
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Kinetics and mechanism of nitrite oxidation by hypochlorous acid in the aqueous phase 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The rate coefficient for the reaction of nitrite with hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid has been studied using spectrophotometric measurements. The reaction rate has been determined in a wide range of H(+) concentration (5< or =-log[H(+)]< or =11). The kinetics were carried out as a function of NO(2)(-), H(+) and total hypochlorite ([HOCl](total)=[HOCl]+[ClO(-)]+[ClNO(2)]) concentrations. The observed overall rate law is described by: -d[HClO](T)dt=[a[NO(2)(-)](2)+b[NO(2)(-)]][H(+)](2)c+d[H(+)]+e[NO(2)(-)][H(+)](2)[HOCl](total)At T=298 K and in Na(2)SO(4) at an ionic strength (I=1.00 M), we obtained using a nonlinear fitting procedure: a=(1.83+/-0.36)x10(7) s(-1), b=(1.14+/-0.23)x10(5) Ms(-1), c=(1.12+/-0.17)x10(-13) M, d=(1.43+/-0.29)x10(-6) M(2) and e=(1.41+/-0.28)x10(3) M where the errors represent 2sigma. According to the overall rate law, a/b=k(1)/k(3), b/e=k(3), c=K(w), d/c=K(a), d=K(a)K(w) and e=K(1)K(a). In Na(2)SO(4) at an ionic strength (I=1.00 M), the values of K(1) and K(a) are (1.1+/-0.1)x10(-4) and 1.28x10(7) M(-1), respectively. A mechanism is proposed for the NO(2)(-) oxidation which involves the reversible initial step: NO(2)(-)+HOCl left harpoon over right harpoon ClNO(2)+OH(-) (K(1)), while ClNO(2) undergoes the two parallel reactions: attack by NO(2)(-) (k(1)) and hydrolysis (k(3)). ClNO(2) and N(2)O(4) are proposed as important intermediates as they control the mechanism. The rate coefficients k(1) and k(3) have been determined at different ionic strengths in NaCl and Na(2)SO(4). The influence of the ionic strength and ionic environment has been studied in this work. 相似文献
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Flushing soils contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) with a permanganate (MnO4−) solution has been shown to reduce the solvent content of the soil. Experiments were performed to quantify the rate at which KMnO4 oxidizes aqueous solutions of PCE over a range of concentrations. In a series of homogeneous reactors, aqueous phase PCE concentrations were monitored over time in nine experimental trials with excess oxidant concentrations ranging from 5 to 30 g/l. Analysis of the data was performed to quantify the oxidation reaction order with respect to PCE and KMnO4 and the reaction rate constant. The reaction between PCE and KMnO4 was determined to be first-order with respect to both PCE and KMnO4 with an overall specific reaction rate coefficient of 2.45±0.65 M−1 min−1. 相似文献
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采用流动式采样与气相色谱-质谱联用法研究了意大利撒丁岛Noak’s Ark自然生态区四种主要灌木树种Juniperus phoenicea(腓尼基桧),Pistacia lentiscus(黄连木),Phillyrea angustifilia,Chamaerops humilis(欧洲矮棕)的排放速率和排放特征。结果表明,JuniPerus phoenicea(腓尼基桧),Pistacia lentiscus(黄连本),Phillyrea angustifilia主要排放萜烯类化合物,其中包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、苎烯、戊花烃、莰烯、β-水芹烯、桧烯、β-香叶烯和3-蒈烯等;Chamaerops humilis(欧洲矮棕)主要排放异戊二烯。在标准条件下(温度30℃,PAR为1000μmo1.m^-2.s^-1),四种树种的排放速率分别为0.15、2.10、0.20和1.87μg/g(DW).h。 相似文献
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Weiran Li Meifang Chen Yi Chen Shengrui Tong Maofa Ge Yucong Guo Yunhong Zhang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2020,32(9):23-32
Reaction rate constants and products of 1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one with ozone were studied in a 100-L fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film bag using absolute rate method at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure. The rate constants were (1.09 ± 0.12) × 10?17, (3.48 ± 0.36) × 10?17 and (5.70 ± 0.60) × 10?17 cm3/(molecule?sec), respectively. According to the obtained rate constants, the effects of carbonyl were discussed. The carbonyl group in β position has a net withdrawing effect with respect to an olefinic bond, then causing the decline of rate constants. The quantum chemical calculation was used to explain the results of rate constants. The products of ozonolysis were mainly aldehydes, which have significant influence on the formation of SOA, and hence play an important role in the atmosphere. In this work, we detected the main products of reaction and proposed the reaction mechanism by combining the results of quantum chemical calculations. Atmospheric lifetime for three unsaturated ketones reacted with ozone was 36.4, 11.4 and 6.9 hr for 1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one, respectively. 相似文献
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以沈阳市某污水处理厂普通絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,采用人工配制的模拟废水,在SBR反应器中进行好氧颗粒污泥培养实验研究。结果表明:通过运行方式的调整及参数的改变,在第33 d培养出成熟的好氧颗粒污泥,污泥粒径在2~3 mm左右;在一次曝气后增加静置缺氧段,有利于脱氮,系统中COD、NH3-N去除率可分别达到93%和92%;好氧颗粒污泥系统中含有大量的原生动物和后生动物,系统中污泥状态良好,处理效果好。采用逐步提高生活污水比例的方法对颗粒污泥进行驯化,当生活污水的比例达到100%时,系统出水COD50mg/L,NH3-N5 mg/L,达到GB18918—2002一级A出水标准。 相似文献