全球能源消费与CO2排放量

在收集全球能源储量和流通状况的基础上，综述了世界各地区能源消费量和各国人均能源水平，汇总了全球ＣＯ２排放总量及各大洲对全球ＣＯ２排放量的贡献率，到２１００年，全球Ｃ矿量预计将从目前６０亿ｔ／ａ增加到３６０亿ｔ／ａ，同时，旨出１９９６年中世界人口１８．８％的北美、欧洲、日本、ＣＯ２排放３１．６亿ｔ（碳），占全球当年ＣＯ２排放总量的５２．４％。     

一种基于数据融合的林火火线动态蔓延预测方法的研究

准确预测林火蔓延对于有效防治野火危害具有重要意义。传统林火蔓延速度场经验模型需要可燃物特性、坡度、温度及湿度等众多实测参数,由于参数均具有不同的时空分布,限制了模型的实际应用。因此提出速度场实时测量及水平集法模拟林火蔓延两种技术相结合的方法,通过测定火蔓延锋面的位置获取当前时刻锋面处的速度场分布并对此速度场在未燃烧区域进行延拓,结合水平集法预测林火蔓延,并使用数值模拟及实验数据验证了该方法能够有效预测短期内林火蔓延趋势,得出基于速度场的数据融合方法可满足实际林火蔓延建模的需求。     

Respiratory uptake kinetics of neutral hydrophobic organic chemicals in a marine benthic fish, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae

We investigated the respiratory uptake kinetics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organohalogen pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE #47) in a marine benthic fish, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae. The respiratory uptake efficiencies (E_W) of the chemicals, of which there have been no reports for the majority of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), were obtained by measuring the respiratory uptake rate constants (k₁) and the oxygen consumption rates of fish. Fish were exposed to water in which these chemicals were dissolved at environmentally relevant concentrations for 28 d, followed by 168 d of depuration in clean seawater. The k₁ and E_W values for 99 compounds were obtained, and they ranged from 2000 to 42 000 L kg-lipid⁻¹ d⁻¹ and from 0.060 to 1.3, respectively. The E_W values of the chemicals, except for PAHs, tended to increase with increasing values of the log octanol–water partition coefficients (K_OW) of the chemicals up to a log K_OW of 5. For log K_OW in the range 3–5, the E_W values in this study were much lower than those in a published study (about one-third). As a result of analysis by a two-phase resistance model, the resistance of transport rates to the lipid phase in this study was lower than was the case in the published study. These findings indicate that the E_W predicted by the published study for log K_OW in the range 3–5 may differ among fish species and water temperature, and further study is needed.     

活性炭纤维对染料的吸附性能研究

研究了聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维（P－ACF）、粘胶活性炭纤维（R－ACF）和颗粒活性炭（GAC）对5种红色染料的吸附能力,通过简单的模型,算出5种染料在两种活性炭纤维上的吸附速率常数。结果表明,尽管吸附能力随染料种类不同而有一定的差别,但总体上,聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维的吸附能力略低于颗粒活性炭,而粘胶活性炭纤维的吸附能力则远远优于前两种,对染料有着较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率。     

溴氰菊酯暴露与消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率的相关性研究

分析环境中溴氰菊酯暴露与人群消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率是否存在相关关系。方法收集1996~1999年沈阳市6个郊区县的溴氰菊酯暴露资料和1997~2002年消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率资料,用SPSS(11.5)统计软件对每年农药使用密度与随后3年的消化系统恶性肿瘤平均死亡率进行Spearman等级相关分析。结果:每年的溴氰菊酯使用密度与随后3年的男性食管癌、胃癌、肝癌平均死亡率均显著相关。1997~1999年度溴氰菊酯使用密度与男性结直肠肛门癌死亡率有显著相关,而在1996年度不相关。在女性则相关的年份很少。结论:溴氰菊酯的暴露可能是男性食管癌、胃癌、肝癌死亡的危险因素之一。而其它相关结果尚不具有普遍性意义,今后仍需进一步深入开展相关方面的流行病学和毒理学研究。     

Modelling of the relationship moisture content to nutrient transformation rate in river sediments

The modelling of the transformation processes in the river sediments is an important and still not investigated problem that is a key for water quality. The relation between nutrients transformation rate and moisture in sediments was investigated by means of analogous modelling. The mathematical dependences of the connection were derived, and only two of them were linear—at the early stage of COD (organic) change and at the late stage of transformation of phosphates that metabolically connected the biodegradation of organics with oxidative phosphorylation. The rest mathematical dependences were the polynomials of third order. This study confirmed that the leading factors which influence the transformation rate of nutrients are the sediment surface, particular organic matter and porosity of the medium, as well as the concentration on the sediment surface of micro-organisms, enzymes, co-metabolites, etc. The presented data from ecological modelling of the transformation processes in the parafluvial sediments showed how can the hydrological models be enlarged and enriched in their application to the key and critical (risk) fluctuations in the river functioning. The mathematical dependences and coefficients were extracted in our complex study to be included in HSPF model as an enlarged module. As far as the investigated transformation processes in the parafluvial have more universal significance, the results can be applied in the other models, bounded river water and sediment quality.     

气溶胶灭火剂燃速影响因素的研究

针对同一配方的不同条件下的灭火剂,从灭火剂的初温、药柱密度、原料粒度等方面入手,考察了不同因素对灭火剂燃速的影响,总结出各个因素对灭火剂燃烧速度的影响规律.     

水生生物辐射剂量率计算在核电厂环境影响评价中的应用

生物辐射剂量率的计算是评价放射性元素对生物辐射影响的前提,也是核电厂环境影响报告书中不可缺少的组成部分。通过一个环境影响报告实例,介绍水生生物辐射剂量率的计算在核电厂环境影响评价中的应用。     

硫酸铜对亚硫酸钠除氧性能的影响

研究了Na2 SO3的除氧性能与特点 ,讨论了 pH值、水的温度、Na2 SO3的过剩以及添加剂CuSO4 对Na2 SO3除氧性能的影响。实验结果表明 :单独使用Na2 SO3除氧 ,除氧率最高 ,仅能达到 90 % ,而且Na2 SO3的用量过大 ,对水泵有负面的影响。pH值约在 5到 9之间除氧效果较好 ,水温越高 ,除氧效果越好。CuSO4 的添加能够明显提高Na2 SO3的除氧性能 ,且降低Na2 SO3的使用量。当Na2 SO3的加入量是理论加入量约为 6.0mg/L ,CuSO4 的加入量为 2 .0mg/L时 ,除氧率大于99 .5 % ,且pH值在 7～ 11之间 ,除氧率变化很小     

泥炭树脂颗粒对水溶液中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的去除

泥炭树脂颗粒对水溶液中十二烷基苯磺酸钠 (SDBS)具有很好的去除效果。数据分析表明 ,Freundlich和 Langmuir吸附等温方程可以很好地描述这一过程。通过 L angmuir方程计算出颗粒对 SDBS的最大吸附量为 3 3 .3 3 mg·g- 1。在试验条件下 ,吸附量随着 SDBS的初始浓度增加而增加 ,当溶液的初始 p H在 4～ 8的范围时 ,颗粒对 SDBS吸附量变化很小。溶液的初始浓度对吸附速率产生明显影响 ,浓度越低吸附速率越快 ,达到吸附平衡所需的时间越短。准二级动力学模型能够很好地描述颗粒对 SDBS的吸附过程。