MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE AND AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO COASTAL EUTROPHICATION1

ABSTRACT: Tidally influenced reaches of several coastal rivers in eastern North Carolina are suffering from very serious water quality problems — massive surface blooms of noxious blue-green algae, major fish kills from anoxic water, epidemics of red sore disease among fish, fresh water intrusion into estuarine waters, and declining commercial and sports fisheries. An intensive investigation of point source and nonpoint source inputs of nutrients was conducted in one of the eutrophic rivers, the Chowan River. Nonpoint source loading dominated the estimated annual flu of nutrients from the river basin. Automated water quality samplers were utilized to record nutrient levels in stormflow and baseflow from several small agricultural watershed in the basin. Levels of nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus were from five to 40 times greater in these agricultural watersheds than levels in mostly forested watersheds. Existing water quality data in these eutrophic river basins implicate agricultural activities – particularly animal operations and cropland in watersheds with extensive drainage improvements – as the major contributing factor to the water quality problems.     

GROUND WATER SEEPAGE IN LAKE WASHINGTON AND THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

Direct ground water seepage measurements were made in Lake Washington, Florida, to determine the importance of seepage as a water and chloride source to the lake and upper St. Johns River. Over 200 seepage measurements were made in the lake and adjoining canals from July through December 1978. Results indicated that seepage into the shore areas of Lake Washington was an insignificant water source to the lake, representing 0.6 percent of the inputs, and was nearly balanced by ground water recharge in the midlake region. Drainage canals entering Lake Washington, however, exhibited high average seepage rates (17.7 L/m²-day), over eight times the lake average (2.01 L/M²-day). Discharge from the St. Johns River was the dominant factor in the water budget of Lake Washington and represented approximately 88 percent of the inputs during the study year. Although inputs from the drainage canals represented only 6.6 percent of the St. Johns River annual discharge, these canals represented 20.4 percent of the annual St. Johns River chloride loading and 62.1 percent of the river chloride loading during the five driest months of 1978. Evidence from this study indicates that rising levels of chloride in the river in recent years are largely attributable to ground water seepage in channelized areas, particularly in the headwaters. These chloride inputs assume greater importance during low water/low flow periods.     

粉料无尘装车技术及其在电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统中的应用

传统电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统存在工艺繁杂、能耗大、输送速度慢、系统难于维护及二次扬尘问题,电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统采用粉料无尘装车技术可有效简化工艺、提高生产速度和系统运行、维护可靠性,很大程度减少能耗并彻底根除二次扬尘。     

上海市水体富营养化及洗涤剂中磷的影响研究

针对上海市水体污染状况进行调查研究,结果表明,上海市主要水体苏州河和黄浦江有机污染日益严重,其中苏州河TP 0.6mg/L、TN 10.06mg/L,黄浦江TP 0.23mg/L、TN 4.03mg/L,超标较严重,存在发生富营养化的条件,根据国内外经验和上海的相关资料估算,洗涤剂中的磷占总磷负荷的6.82％。     

Living with a large reduction in permited loading by using a hydrograph-controlled release scheme

The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for ammonia and biochemical oxygen demand for the Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway system near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, mandated a 60-percent reduction in point-source loading. For waters with a naturally low background dissolved-oxygen concentrations, South Carolina anti-degradation rules in the water-quality regulations allows a permitted discharger a reduction of dissolved oxygen of 0.1 milligrams per liter (mg/L). This is known as the 0.1 rule. Permitted dischargers within this region of the State operate under the 0.1 rule and cannot cause a cumulative impact greater than 0.1 mg/L on dissolved-oxygen concentrations. For municipal water-reclamation facilities to serve the rapidly growing resort and retirement community near Myrtle Beach, a variable loading scheme was developed to allow dischargers to utilize increased assimilative capacity during higher streamflow conditions while still meeting the requirements of a recently established TMDL.As part of the TMDL development, an extensive real-time data-collection network was established in the lower Waccamaw and Pee Dee River watershed where continuous measurements of streamflow, water level, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and specific conductance are collected. In addition, the dynamic BRANCH/BLTM models were calibrated and validated to simulate the water quality and tidal dynamics of the system. The assimilative capacities for various streamflows were also analyzed.The variable-loading scheme established total loadings for three streamflow levels. Model simulations show the results from the additional loading to be less than a 0.1mg/L reduction in dissolved oxygen. As part of the loading scheme, the real-time network was redesigned to monitor streamflow entering the study area and water-quality conditions in the location of dissolved-oxygen sags. The study reveals how one group of permit holders used a variable-loading scheme to implement restrictive permit limits without experiencing prohibitive capital expenditures or initiating a lengthy appeals process.     

Removal of veterinary antibiotics from anaerobically digested swine wastewater using an intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor

A lab-scale intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor(IASBR)was applied to treat anaerobically digested swine wastewater(ADSW)to explore the removal characteristics of veterinary antibiotics.The removal rates of 11 veterinary antibiotics in the reactor were investigated under different chemical organic demand(COD)volumetric loadings,solid retention times(SRT)and ratios of COD to total nitrogen(TN)or COD/TN.Both sludge sorption and biodegradation were found to be the major contributors to the removal of veterinary antibiotics.Mass balance analysis revealed that greater than 60%of antibiotics in the influent were biodegraded in the IASBR,whereas averagely 24%were adsorbed by sludge under the condition that sludge sorption gradually reached its equilibrium.Results showed that the removal of antibiotics was greatly influenced by chemical oxygen demand(COD)volumetric loadings,which could achieve up to 85.1%±1.4%at 0.17±0.041 kg COD/m-3/day,while dropped to 75.9%±1.3%and 49.3%±12.1%when COD volumetric loading increased to 0.65±0.032 and1.07±0.073 kg COD/m-3/day,respectively.Tetracyclines,the dominant antibiotics in ADSW,were removed by 87.9%in total at the lowest COD loading,of which 30.4%were contributed by sludge sorption and 57.5%by biodegradation,respectively.In contrast,sulfonamides were removed about 96.2%,almost by biodegradation.Long SRT seemed to have little obvious impact on antibiotics removal,while a shorter SRT of 30–40 day could reduce the accumulated amount of antibiotics and the balanced antibiotics sorption capacity of sludge.Influent COD/TN ratio was found not a key impact factor for veterinary antibiotics removal in this work.     

H2O2预氧化对负载铁制备污泥炭基催化剂效能的影响

以城市污水厂二沉池污泥为原料,考察了不同H_2O_2投加量下污泥预氧化对铁负载污泥形成前驱体及其热解后制得炭基催化剂性能的影响,研究了污泥预氧化对强化铁负载制备均一分散型污泥炭基催化剂的机理.结果表明,污泥预氧化促进了污泥细胞破解,降低了絮体颗粒粒径和表面Zeta电位,使铁负载量增加、铁活性位点在污泥载体上的分散性明显增强,形成炭基催化剂保持着高催化活性,其稳定性显著增加.对模拟含铬黑T染料废水的多相芬顿降解试验说明,当污泥预氧化H_2O_2投加量为2.25%时制备的炭基催化剂,其反应120 min后铬黑T的降解率为91%,略低于未预氧化时污泥炭基催化剂的降解效率(96%);但未预氧化炭基催化剂其反应后溶液中铁离子的溶出量(18.9%)远高于预氧化后形成的催化剂(2.5%),且后者循环3次对铬黑T的降解率仍可达到86%,表现出较强的稳定性.     

生物炭负载氮还田对水稻生长、根系形态及氮素利用的影响

建立连接富营养化水体养分与农田养分的枢纽是减少农田养分投入、缓解水体富营养化的难点.为探明生物炭材料负载氮还田的可行性,开展了基于溶液氮及生物炭负载氮两种氮源添加方式的水稻根箱试验.结果表明,生物炭负载氮添加方式分别较溶液氮添加方式降低了水稻地上部分生物量及氮累积16%及14%,提高了生物量根冠比25%～27%,降低了氮利用效率.不定根的根长及体积是两种氮源添加方式在水稻地下部分差异的体现,地下部分生物量及氮累积与土壤铵态氮含量呈正相关关系,而地上部分氮累积与根尖数呈负相关关系.生物炭负载氮完全替代化学肥料施用农田会影响水稻生物量及氮素利用.但生物炭负载氮与普通化学肥料共同施用,水稻并不会显现利用偏好.生物炭负载氮对水稻氮素利用无不良影响,且能有效提高土壤矿质态氮固持量.因此,生物炭可以作为载体实现水体到农田土壤的氮素迁移,鉴于化肥氮替代比例对作物生长的影响,适宜替代比例还需进一步研究确定.     

中国农田畜禽粪尿氮负荷量及其还田潜力

为准确掌握中国各省区畜禽粪尿及氮负荷量,以及还田利用潜力,本研究基于统计数据和已有资料,利用猪粪当量(N)估算了1978年以来中国畜禽粪尿量的变化规律,以及各类畜禽粪尿的构成比例,分析和评价了2016各省份畜禽粪尿、纯氮负荷量的空间分布和污染风险,并估算了各省份畜禽粪尿的还田潜力.结果表明,中国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量总体上呈"快速增加(1978~2005年)-保持稳定(2006~2016年)"的变化态势,到2016年,分别达到366 822.01×10~4t和2 024.10×10~4t,均增长了105.78%,94.03%~98.34%的粪尿量来源于家禽、羊、猪和牛.畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量最大的区域是华北地区,其中河南省为最,分别占全国的22.25%和8.81%.其次是四川,占8.14%.按耕地、作物播种面积和农用地面积分别计算单位面积上的畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分量,并进行r值分级和环境风险评价.如果承载场所为耕地,负荷量较大的是西南和东南地区,污染风险较严重的是华北地区,为Ⅳ级;若按农作物种植面积,西北和西南地区负荷量较大,西北和华北地区为Ⅲ级有污染风险;若按农用地计算,华北和东南地区负荷量较大,华北地区Ⅲ级有污染风险,湖南负荷量最大,北京、山东和河南为Ⅳ级较严重污染风险.全国畜禽粪尿猪粪当量(N)及其N养分还田量分别为113 480.75×10~4t和626.15×10~4t,按单位农用地面积分别相当于3.07 t·hm~(-2)和16.92 kg·hm~(-2),华北地区最大,为8.27t·hm~(-2)和45.62 kg·hm~(-2).若按50%的粪尿N养分环境容量(85 kg·hm~(-2))计算,全国可增加粪尿N养分还田量为2 520.21×10~4t,粮食主产区黑龙江还田潜力最大,其次是四川.     

qPCR揭示丙酸降解菌群随OLR提高的演替规律

为探讨有机负荷率（OLR）对升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器运行效能的影响及互营丙酸降解菌群的响应,以稀释的制糖废水为底物,考察了OLR升高对UASB处理效能的影响,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术（qPCR）分析了互营丙酸降解菌群随OLR提高的演替规律.结果表明,在OLR为6.0~54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）的范围内,UASB处理制糖废水取得了良好的效果,其COD去除率为92.0%以上.qPCR检测结果表明,至少有3种已鉴定的丙酸氧化菌（Pelotomaculum schinkii,P.propionicum和Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens）存在于UASB反应器中.其中,S.sulfatireducens是主要的丙酸氧化菌,其数量为126~1.2×10³ 16S rRNA基因拷贝数/ng DNA,约占检测到丙酸氧化菌总数的47.9%~58.6%.OLR从6.0提高至54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）导致所有丙酸氧化菌数量显著减少.Methanospirillum hungatei和Methanosaeta concilii是该UASB系统中的主要氢营养型产甲烷菌和乙酸营养型产甲烷菌.与丙酸氧化菌的变化趋势相反,这两种产甲烷菌的数量均随OLR的提高而显著增加,并在OLR54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）条件下达到最大值.