Removal and reductive dechlorination of triclosan by Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Triclosan that is widely used as antimicrobial agent has been detected as contaminant in various aquatic environments. In this work, removal and biodegradation of triclosan in water by using a ubiquitous green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa was investigated. When C. pyrenoidosa was exposed to a series concentration of triclosan from 100 to 800 ng mL⁻¹, more than 50% of triclosan was eliminated by algal uptake from the culture medium during the first 1 h exposure and reached equilibrium after the 6 h treatment. In the biodegradation experiments, a removal percentage of 77.2% was obtained after C. pyrenoidosa was cultivated with 800 ng mL⁻¹ triclosan for 96 h. A major metabolite from the reductive dechlorination of triclosan was identified by using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The ultrastructural morphology of algal cells grown in the presence of triclosan was observed by using transmission electron microscopy and the growth of algal cells was detected. It was found that the trilcosan treatment resulted in the disruption of the chloroplast and the release of organic material into aquatic environment, which indicated that triclosan may affect membrane metabolism.     

不同溶样方法测定石灰石多组分含量的研究

采用铂金坩蜗熔融、银坩埚熔融和盐酸直接溶解方法测定了石灰石中多组分的含量。并同时使用ICP测定石灰石中SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3的成分。研究结果表明：在测定石灰石中CaO、MgO和Fe2O3含量时,采用盐酸直接溶解方法,具有方法简单、分析快速的优点,且准确度能达到要求;在测定石灰石中CaO、MgO、SiO2、Al2O3,和Fe2O3含量时,采用银坩埚代替铂金坩埚熔样,具有成本低的优点,且准确度亦能达到要求;采用ICP测定标准石灰石样的SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3组分具有快速、简单和准确度高的特点。     

Modelling of iron cycling and its impact on the electron balance at a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site in Hnevice, Czech Republic

Over a period of several decades multiple leaks of large volumes from storage facilities located near Hnevice (Czech Republic) have caused the underlying Quaternary aquifer to be severely contaminated with nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) petroleum hydrocarbons. Beginning in the late 1980's the NAPL plume started to shrink as a consequence of NAPL dissolution exceeding replenishment and due to active remediation. The subsurface was classified geochemically into four different zones, (i) a contaminant-free zone never occupied by NAPL or dissolved contaminants, (ii) a re-oxidation zone formerly occupied by NAPL, (iii) a zone currently occupied by NAPL, and (iv) a lower fringe zone between the overlying NAPL and the deeper underlying contaminant-free zone. The study investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the redox zonation at the Hnevice site and quantified the influence of iron-cycling on the overall electron balance. As a first step inverse geochemical modelling was carried out to identify possible reaction models and mass transfer processes. In a subsequent step, two-dimensional (forward) multi-component reactive transport modelling was performed to evaluate and quantify the major processes that control the geochemical evolution at the site. The study explains the observed enrichment of the lower fringe zone with ferrihydrite as a result of the re-oxidation of ferrous iron. It suggests that once the NAPL zone started to shrink the dissolution of previously formed siderite and FeS by oxygen and nitrate consumed a significant part of the oxidation capacity for a considerable time period and therefore limited the penetration of electron acceptors into the NAPL contaminated zone.     

石灰石湿法脱硫过程中石灰石动态溶解模型研究

为了深入认识石灰石湿法脱硫体系中石灰石的溶解特性,以单个石灰石颗粒为研究对象,根据双膜理论提出了一种新的石灰石动态溶解模型,模型考虑了喷淋塔内SO2浓度对石灰石溶解的影响.针对喷淋塔内石灰石溶解速率和二氧化硫吸收速率的相对大小变化,理论分析了不同阶段石灰石转化率随时间的变化.通过实验验证,所建模型可以较好地模拟喷淋塔内石灰石溶解过程.模型有助于深入认识石灰石的溶解特性,为进一步研究喷淋塔内石灰石的溶解速率对二氧化硫传质的影响和喷淋塔的工艺设计提供了理论依据.     

Enhanced reductive dechlorination of DDT in an anaerobic system of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria and iron oxide

The transformation of DDT was studied in an anaerobic system of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (Shewanella decolorationis S12) and iron oxide (α-FeOOH). The results showed that S. decolorationis could reduce DDT into DDD, and DDT transformation rate was accelerated by the presence of α-FeOOH. DDD was observed as the primary transformation product, which was demonstrated to be transformed in the abiotic system of Fe²⁺ + α-FeOOH and the system of DIRB + α-FeOOH. The intermediates of DDMS and DBP were detected after 9 months, likely suggesting that reductive dechlorination was the main dechlorination pathway of DDT in the iron-reducing system. The enhanced reductive dechlorination of DDT was mainly due to biogenic Fe(II) sorbed on the surface of α-FeOOH, which can serve as a mediator for the transformation of DDT. This study demonstrated the important role of DIRB and iron oxide on DDT and DDD transformation under anaerobic iron-reducing environments.     

湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域不同土地利用下的试片溶蚀速率及岩溶碳汇

土地利用对石灰岩溶蚀速率的影响已有较多研究报道,但白云岩溶蚀速率对于土地利用的响应研究却罕见相关报道.因此,探究不同土地利用对白云岩溶蚀速率的影响具有一定的意义,并可为评估白云岩地区的岩溶碳汇效应积累基础数据.本文以湿润亚热带典型白云岩小流域——贵州施秉黄洲河白云岩小流域为研究区,利用白云岩溶蚀试片对流域内不同土地利用...     

Response surface method for modeling the removal of carbon dioxide from a simulated gas using water absorption enhanced with a liquid-film-forming device

This paper presents the results from using a physical absorption process to absorb gaseous CO_2mixed with N_2using water by producing tiny bubbles via a liquid-film-forming device(LFFD)that improves the solubility of CO_2in water.The influence of various parameters—pressure,initial CO_2concentration,gas-to-liquid ratios,and temperature—on the CO_2removal efficiency and its absorption rate in water were investigated and estimated thoroughly by statistical polynomial models obtained by the utilization of the response surface method(RSM)with a central composite design(CCD).Based on the analysis,a high efficiency of CO_2capture can be reached in conditions such as low pressure,high CO_2concentration at the inlet,low gas/liquid ratio,and low temperature.For instance,the highest removal efficiency in the RSM–CCD experimental matrix of nearly 80%occurred for run number 20,which was conducted at 0.30 MPa,CO_2concentration of 35%,gas/liquid ratio of 0.71,and temperature of 15°C.Furthermore,the coefficients of determination,R~2,were 0.996 for the removal rate and 0.982 for the absorption rate,implying that the predicted values computed by the constructed models correlate strongly and fit well with the experimental values.The results obtained provide essential information for implementing this method properly and effectively and contribute a promising approach to the problem of CO_2capture in air pollution treatment.     

微分电位溶出法测定空气和水中微量铅

本文研究了在镀汞、银汞电极上铅的溶出行为 ,当 p H为 3.0～ 6 .0时 ,在乙酸钠——乙酸溶液中 ,铅的溶出电位为 - 0 .44 5 V,具有良好的溶出峰形。并且建立了用微分电位溶出银汞电极分析空气和水中微量铅的方法 ,该法克服了玻碳电极法反复镀汞的麻烦。本方法对四份水样进行回收率试验 ,其回收率均在 90 %以上 ,变异系数小于 10 %。因此该法具有较好的精密度和准确性     

几种低分子量有机酸对石灰岩溶蚀作用的室内模拟试验

在室内进行了几种低分子量有机酸对石灰岩颗粒(粒径0.45～1mm)的溶蚀试验,同时用盐酸进行对比试验。结果表明:各有机酸对石灰岩颗粒溶蚀作用大小的顺序为:乳酸>乙酸>柠檬酸>甲酸>草酸>丙酮酸,同类型酸中如醇酸或羧酸中,酸性较弱的酸溶蚀力反而较大。这几种酸混合后对石灰岩颗粒的溶蚀作用并未比单个酸的作用强。乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸的溶蚀力大于盐酸。不管是有机酸还是盐酸,溶蚀石灰岩后溶液中钙离子浓度都呈对数增长,且与溶液pH值呈极显著正相关(P<0.0001);草酸反应液中的钙离子浓度与电导值呈极显著负相关(P<0.0001),其他种类酸溶液钙离子浓度则与电导值呈极显著正相关;除乙酸外,其他酸溶液电导值在反应初始阶段稍微下降后迅速上升。有机酸对石灰岩的溶蚀能力不仅与溶液中的H+和有机配位体浓度有关,而且与酸的类型、酸的强弱及反应后形成的盐的溶解度有关。     

New approach to studies of heavy metal redistribution in soil

The bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals in soils is dependent upon redistribution processes between solution and solid phases and among solid-phase components. This paper reviews the definitions and applications of two newly developed parameters, the redistribution index and the reduced partitioning parameter, in quantifying redistribution processes of heavy metals in contaminated soils. The redistribution index depicts the removal/attainment of metal-contaminated soils from/to the fractional distribution pattern characteristic of non-amended soils, while the reduced partitioning parameter quantifies the relative binding intensity of heavy metals in soils. Over time, metal salt-spiked and sludge-amended soils approached the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soils. The rates of redistribution of metals and their binding intensity in soils were affected by the metal species, loading levels and soil properties. Metals in contaminated soils at low loading levels approach the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soil more rapidly than those at high loading levels. The sequence order of approach by metals to the fractional distribution pattern of non-amended soil was: Cd>Cu>Ni=Zn>Cr. In both non-amended and contaminated soils, Cr had the highest binding intensity, Cd the lowest, and Cu, Ni and Zn, intermediate values. In addition to our own data, primarily on metal salt-spiked soils, these two indices are also used to evaluate redistribution processes of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended soils from other published reports.