流域性洪涝及其指标研究

本文讨论了区域洪涝指标，认为区域洪涝指标应反映出不同洪涝面积和不同洪涝等级对区域洪涝的影响程度，基于这一思想，提出了一个区域洪涝指标计算公式。为了使区域洪涝研究更为具体和可比，本文在分析区域洪涝指标的基础上，提出了流域性洪涝的概念，并以《中国近五年百旱涝分布图集》为基础，建立了淮河流域５００年流性洪涝指标序列及其等级。     

1969年长江中下游暴雨特征及灾情分析

１９６９年初夏，长江中下游地区，多次出现大雨和暴雨，其主要特点是降水时间长、范围广、来势猛、强度大，致使该地区出现了历史上少见的洪涝灾害，造成了重大经济损失。     

Space view of the decadal variation for typical air pollutants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most industrialized, urbanized and populated regions in China, and thus has been long suffering from severe air pollutions. Space data provide a unique perspective for investigating the atmospheric environment at a regional scale. By utilizing multiple satellite retrievals from 2005 to 2013, this study presented, for the first time, the spatial patterns and temporal trends of typical air pollutants over PRD and its vicinity. As viewed from space, aerosol optical depth (AOD), NO₂ and SO₂ all had their higher values at the central part of PRD, and showed clear descending gradients as moving to the outskirt of this region. As to the inter-annual variation, all these pollutants had decreasing trends in PRD during the study period, which generally agreed with the relevant in situ measurements. However, the satellite retrievals differed from ground measurements when addressing NO₂ and SO₂ in the vicinity of PRD. This work also provides the inter-comparison among PRD and three other metropolitan clusters in China: PRD had relatively high AOD, moderate NO₂ and low SO₂ levels, and it was the only region achieving the effective reduction of NO₂ and SO₂ during last decade. Unlike the previous three pollutants, HCHO observed by satellite showed very special patterns: it had a relatively homogeneous spatial distribution over both of PRD and its vicinity, and presented an opposite increasing trend from 2005 to 2010. Moreover, PRD had the highest HCHO level among all the metropolitan clusters, hinting a considerable contribution of biogenic origins of HCHO in PRD.

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Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China

Concentrations, spatial distribution and sources of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methylnaphthalene were investigated in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China. Total PAH concentrations, excluding perylene, ranged from 107 to 1707 ng/g-dw. Sedimentary PAH concentrations of the Huangpu River were higher than those of the Yangtze Estuary. The concentration of the Suzhou River was close to the average concentration of the Huangpu River. PAHs source analysis suggested that, in the Yangtze Estuary, PAHs at locations far away from cities were mainly from petrogenic sources. At other locations, both petrogenic and pyrogenic inputs were significant. In the Huangpu and Suzhou Rivers, pyrogenic input outweighed other sources. The pyrogenic PAHs in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River were mainly from the incomplete combustion of grass, wood and coal, and those in the middle and lower reaches were from vehicle and vessel exhaust.     

漓江沉积柱芯有机氯农药垂向分布特征与来源

用GC/ECD内标法定量法首次测定了广西桂林漓江沉积柱中19种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,结果表明:漓江沉积柱芯中OCPs浓度范围为4.75～489.4ng/g(均值43.26ng/g),在国内处于中等污染水平。OCPs、HCHs表现出下游污染程度高于上游,但DDTs则相反,这是由于上游的取样点蚂蟥洲附近有大量餐饮业造成的。沉积柱垂直分布表明,漓江近期受到人为污染影响。总体上漓江沉积物中HCHs污染大于DDTs,符合当地的农药使用历史。同分异构体比值表明研究区DDT主要是历史使用农药残留并得到了较好的降解,且以厌氧生物降解为主,当地在使用三氯杀螨醇可能性不大;沉积物中工业六六六尚未降解完全,同时周围可能有林丹输入。     

新疆阿拉尔垦区大气降尘中重金属时空分布特征

连续12个月对新疆阿拉尔垦区9个样点的3个不同高度处所采集的大气降尘中的重金属含量进行分析,结果表明:所测大气降尘中的5种重金属元素以铁的含量最高,铬的含量最低,其中铜、铁、锰及锌的含量均在4月份达到最大值,并且与降尘量之间有较好的线性关系。在不同的空间范围内,大气降尘中的重金属含量存在显著差异,其中铜、铁、锰的含量均随着高度的上升而呈现递增的趋势;铬的含量随高度的递增呈现递减趋势。     

重点区域环境空气质量监测方案与评价方法探讨

我国区域性大气污染问题频频发生,成为当前亟待解决的重大环境问题。区域联防联控工作需要建立相应的区域空气质量监测体系和评价方法,这对已有的监测体系提出了新的要求。在区域监测体系中需要增加臭氧、细粒子等区域性污染物及其前体物的监测,同时设立区域监控点使监测网络覆盖面由城市建成区拓展到广大近郊及农村地区。采用移动式柱浓度监测和卫星遥感监测等多样化监测手段结合超级空气站来增强区域综合监测和源解析能力。在区域内搭建监测信息共享平台和实时发布机制并建立区域空气质量预警预报系统。建立区域内统一的质量管理和质量控制方案,城市监测点质控工作由所在省市管理,区域监控点质控工作由国家统一直管。采用分区分层次的区域空气质量评价方法,评价因子包括所有六项监测指标。     

辽河盘锦段与河口海域水体氮素分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系

选取辽河盘锦段至河口近岸海域区域进行研究水体中氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系进行研究。结果表明水中氮素含量高于海水,且氨氮表现尤为突出,可能与水体中溶解氧含量和微生物环境、海水的稀释和迁移有很大关系;河水中氮素与溶解氧的呈显著负相关,而海水中氮素与溶解氧的关系不明显。这可能与海水的质化作用有关。     

区域发展战略环境影响跟踪评价初步研究

本文依据区域发展战略环境影响跟踪评价内涵,结合我国实践需要,阐明区域发展战略环境影响跟踪评价技术路线和内容,并进一步提出相关政策建议。研究指出,开展区域发展战略环境影响跟踪评价应坚持基于生态环境需求优先的技术路线、提高跟踪评价的战略性和开展战略环境影响跟踪评价试点。     

南京城市夜间景观照明的城市生态学分析

选取了南京市4个典型的功能区,根据实地观测与文献资料分析及问卷调查相结合的方法,分析了各个区域景观照明的亮度、美观程度、存在的不利影响和突出问题等.并计算出南京市民对4个区域景观照明的亮度满意度、美观满意度和综合满意度得分,结合区域的功能和特点对其各项得分进行解析.最后针对实地踏看和数据分析所发现的区域景观照明在能源分...