区域自然灾害系统基本单元研究-Ⅱ:应用部分——湖南省综合农业灾情区域分异规律

本文应用灾害系统基本单元理论,以湖南省农业自然灾害为例,在地理信息系统支持下,将湖南省农业自然灾害系统划分为３２５２４个基本单元。进而,以民政部１９７８～１９９３年农业灾情统计数据为标准,通过多因子逐步回归的方法,建立了反映湖南省多年平均状况的五种主要农业灾害灾情模型。最后,以灾害基本单元为最小空间分异单位,对综合农业灾情分异规律进行了探讨,并首次提出了基于自然单元的湖南省综合农业灾情的分异规律首先是受地势控制的东西分异的主要结论。     

山西省自然灾害的区域经济评价

以区域经济学为基础，灾害学为主导，应用层次分析原理，分析了山西省自然灾害对区域经济发展的影响，评价了不同区域的灾害严重程度及主要灾种，将全省划分为五大灾害经济区，为区域生产力布局提供了一些科学理论依据．     

Large-Scale Effects of Timber Harvesting on Stream Systems in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA

Using Basin Area Stream Survey (BASS) data from the United States Forest Service, we evaluated how timber harvesting influenced patterns of variation in physical stream features and regional fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Data were collected for three years (1990–1992) from six hydrologically variable streams in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA that were paired by management regime within three drainage basins. Specifically, we used multivariate techniques to partition variability in assemblage structure (taxonomic and trophic) that could be explained by timber harvesting, drainage basin differences, year-to-year variability, and their shared variance components. Most of the variation in fish assemblages was explained by drainage basin differences, and both basin and year-of-sampling influenced macroinvertebrate assemblages. All three factors modeled, including interactions between drainage basins and timber harvesting, influenced variability in physical stream features. Interactions between timber harvesting and drainage basins indicated that differences in physical stream features were important in determining the effects of logging within a basin. The lack of a logging effect on the biota contradicts predictions for these small, hydrologically variable streams. We believe this pattern is related to the large scale of this study and the high levels of natural variability in the streams. Alternatively, there may be time-specific effects we were unable to detect with our sampling design and analyses.     

上海市浦东新区2014-2018年声环境质量状况分析

上海市浦东新区作为承接国家自由贸易区的先行试点地区,近年来吸引大批国内外企业入驻,同时经济发展与环境友好型社会矛盾依然突出。本文以2014年-2018年来浦东新区区域噪音与交通噪数据为依据,分析本地区声环境状况,结果表明声环境质量有所下降,一类功能区及交通噪音需进一步加强治理。通过源头屏蔽,大力发展张江、周浦、滴水湖等科技园区建设,阻断企业对居民区的噪声影响等措施,进而提升和改善浦东新区声环境质量状况。     

Differences in U root-to-shoot translocation between plant species explained by U distribution in roots

Accumulation and distribution of uranium in roots and shoots of four plants species differing in their cation exchange capacity of roots (CECR) was investigated. After exposure in hydroponics for seven days to 100 μmol U L⁻¹, distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots. Higher U concentrations were measured in roots of dicots which showed a higher CECR than monocot species. Chemical extractions indicated that uranium is mostly located in the apoplasm of roots of monocots but that it is predominantly located in the symplasm of roots of dicots. Translocation of U to shoot was not significantly affected by the CECR or distribution of U between symplasm and apoplasm. Distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots for all species. Additionally, longitudinal and radial distribution of U in roots of maize and Indian mustard, respectively showing the lowest and the highest translocation, was studied following X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of specific root sections. Chemical analysis and XRF analysis of roots of maize and Indian mustard clearly indicated a higher longitudinal and radial transport of uranium in roots of Indian mustard than in roots of maize, where uranium mostly accumulated in root tips. These results showed that even if CECR could partly explain U accumulation in roots, other mechanisms like radial and longitudinal transport are implied in the translocation of U to the shoot.     

河淮地震带地震活动特征

通过对河淮地震带历史地震和现今地震活动特征的研究 ,初步认为研究区地震活动存在准周期性变化。研究还发现 ,该区地震活动与中国大陆地震活动存在一定的相关性。     

The simulation of long-range transport of ¹³⁷Cs from East Asia to Japan in 2002 and 2006

To evaluate the quantities of ¹³⁷Cs from past nuclear tests being transported to and deposited in Japan by naturally-occurring phenomena, the authors developed long-range transport models for ¹³⁷Cs considering Asian dust. The simulation using these models backed the observed recent increase of ¹³⁷Cs deposition along the coast of the Sea of Japan in early spring. For the sake of public safety, it is vital to ascertain whether an increase of radioactive deposition is caused by natural phenomena or a nuclear accident. The observations in recent years have suggested that dust and soil containing ¹³⁷Cs is transported from the regions around Inner Mongolia to Japan by the wind. In this paper, using observation data from the early spring of 2002 and 2006, the authors have found good agreement between the simulations and the measurements. The simulations reproduced the entrainment of ¹³⁷Cs and subsequent transport to Japan caused by strong winds associated with low pressure areas around the Inner Mongolian grasslands. The most likely cause of high-level ¹³⁷Cs deposition over northern Japan during March 2002 was ¹³⁷Cs associated with particles transported at low-altitude (1 km) and subjected to precipitation on the 22nd to 24th.     

区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价与风险管理

<正>随着社会经济的飞速发展,人类生存空间不断向山区扩展,使得近年滑坡等山地灾害的发生越来越频繁,人们越来越认识到防范和减轻滑坡等地质灾害对社会经济发展的重要性,迫切需要寻求对滑坡地质灾害进行更为有效地控制和管理的现实途径。而区域滑坡地质灾害危险性评价是滑坡地质灾害风险评价和风险管理的基础,本文在这一领域做了有益的探讨,取得了以下主要成果:     

生活有机垃圾用作沼气发酵原料的参数与特性研究

对分类收集于城市生活的有机垃圾作为沼气发酵原料的相关参数与特性进行了研究。结果显示：来自对固定区域的城市生活有机垃圾，其总体TS（总固体）、VS（近发性固体）、COD含量相对较为稳定，在连续8个月的监测中，其含量的平均值分别为：10．17％、4．64％和8．17％；生活有机垃圾作为整体，在兼氧沤解预处理条件下常温发酵，每公斤TS具有0．389m^3或每公斤COD具有0．499m^3的产气潜力，产气特性表现为，投料2d后进入产气高潮，20d时的产气量达总产气量的90％以上。     

因子分析法用于降水化学组分地域分布的探讨

本文对成都市区降水化学组分进行了因子分析。通过研究因子计量的空间分布,得到各因子的主要作用区域及降承化学组分的区域分布特征;因子所反映的离子组合关系可能代表某种大气污染源性质或影响降水化学组分的某种物理化学过程。