Household hazardous waste quantification,characterization and management in China’s cities: A case study of Suzhou

A four-stage systematic tracking survey of 240 households was conducted from the summer of 2011 to the spring of 2012 in a Chinese city of Suzhou to determine the characteristics of household hazardous waste (HHW) generated by the city. Factor analysis and a regression model were used to study the major driving forces of HHW generation. The results indicate that the rate of HHW generation was 6.16 (0.16–31.74, 95% CI) g/person/day, which accounted for 2.23% of the household solid waste stream. The major waste categories contributing to total HHW were home cleaning products (21.33%), medicines (17.67%) and personal care products (15.19%). Packaging and containers (one-way) and products (single-use) accounted for over 80% of total HHW generation, implying a considerable potential to mitigate HHW generation by changing the packaging design and materials used by manufacturing enterprises. Strong correlations were observed between HHW generation (g/person/day) and the driving forces group of “household structure” and “consumer preferences” (among which the educational level of the household financial manager has the greatest impact). Furthermore, the HHW generation stream in Suzhou suggested the influence of another set of variables, such as local customs and culture, consumption patterns, and urban residential life-style. This study emphasizes that HHW should be categorized at its source (residential households) as an important step toward controlling the HHW hazards of Chinese cities.     

广州市河涌底泥中主要污染物的垂直分布特征

分析了广州市3条河涌底泥中有机质、石油烃、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等主要污染物的垂直分布特征。结果表明:曾边涌、南村涌、会江涌底泥中有机质平均值分别为43.15mg/kg、10.80 mg/kg、34.81 mg/kg,石油烃含量平均值分别为:1644 mg/kg,2427 mg/kg,6763 mg/kg。有机质和石油烃垂直变化特征相似,曾边涌呈现表层底泥含量低而底层高的特征,南村涌呈现随深度增加而降低的趋势,会江涌呈现先降低后上升的趋势,3条河涌底泥中不同重金属垂直变化规律不一样;河涌底泥中污染物所呈现的垂直分布规律并不总是上层污染物浓度高而下层低的正常沉积特征。因此,在考虑通过清淤改善河流水质时,应考虑河流污染的历史,并调查沉积物中污染物垂直分布的实际情况。     

盐城新洋港表层沉积物重金属分布特征与评价

分析了江苏盐城新洋港河口表层沉积物中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb共6种重金属元素的含量。研究发现,除Zn和Cd外,其它元素的含量均超过江苏省海岸带的背景值,其中全Cr、Pb、Cu的含量均超国家I类标准,属Ⅰ类沉积物。文章分别使用内梅罗综合污染指数法、Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法和污染负荷指数法对数据进行了分析,研究结果发现内梅罗综合污染指数法得出Cr对环境污染的贡献最大;Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法认为潜在生态风险整体呈现向海不断减小的趋势,并以有植被覆盖的互花米草滩为最高。污染负荷指数法与Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果一致。从线状分布看,6种重金属的综合含量整体呈沿向海方向减小趋势,互花米草滩明显高于无植被覆盖的光滩。     

Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m³, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM_2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.     

重庆市金子山—黑石子小区大气环境规划研究

区域气象特征是造成重庆大气污染严重的重要原因。在实测模式参数基础上，较好地拟合了区域大气污染浓度的分布，并以此提出改善重庆市城区大气环境质量及发展小区经济、保证小区和市区大气环境质量的环境规划意见。     

中国区域环境影响评价的发展

我国区域环境影响评价的发展，根据其理论方法研究和环境评价管理的进程，可分为提出、探索和开展３个阶段，并具有理论方法研究和环境评价管理建设密切配合，着重于规划控制技术和顺应发展中国家经济发展对环境管理的需要等发展特点。     

超塑性拉深胀形组合新工艺的研究

控制超塑胀形件的壁厚变薄和改善其壁厚分布的均匀性,是超塑胀形一个十分重要的工艺问题。此文提出了一种能在超塑胀形过程中同时进行拉深的新工艺——超塑性拉深胀形组合新工艺。通过对供应态的TC4板材的超塑性拉深胀形试验表明:该工艺在很大程度上改善了超塑胀形件壁厚分布的均匀性,降低了其变薄率。     

区域环境风险评价与风险管理及其在工程项目上的应用

论述区域环境风险评价的发展趋势，评价内容，程序和方法，探讨区域环境风险评价和风险管理的相互关系，给出岷江紫坪铺水库库区应用实例。     

云天化粉煤灰理化性能的测试及研究

利用现代分析测试技术 ,对云天化集团有限责任公司自备电厂所排粉煤灰的理化性能进行了系统的测试。这些粉煤灰的化学成分以Fe2 O3含量高为特征 ,残留碳含量较低 ;物相较简单 ,未发现高温相的莫来石 ,玻璃微珠也较少见 ;颗粒呈不规则碎屑状 ,平均粒径较细 ,需水量比值较高 ;其所含的微量元素和放射性元素种类较多 ,但与国家的相关标准相比较 ,均未超标     

重金属铜和放射性核素^3H在鲫鱼体内的分布规律及比较

对重金属铜和放射性核素^3H在鲫鱼不同组织和器官内的分布规律进行了研究并作了比较。结果表明：①铜在鲫鱼不同组织和器官内的分布规律为：肝＞鳃＞骨赂肌肉；②放射性核素^3H在鲫鱼不同组织和器官内的分布规律为：内脏＞鳃＞尾鳍≈肌肉；③两种毒物在鲫鱼不同组织和器官内的分布规律大致相同。