Gender differences in relation to wayfinding strategies, navigational support design, and wayfinding task difficulty

This study investigated user wayfinding navigational performance in terms of two navigational support designs (guide sign and you-are-here map, i.e., YAH), wayfinding strategies (egocentric/route and allocentric/survey), task difficulty (terrestrial/2D or weightless/3D), and gender differences. Eighty participants (40 males and 40 females) were recruited for the wayfinding experiment. The experimental results and statistical analysis indicated that, in the weightless VR scene, navigation time for the terrestrial/2D task type was significantly shorter than for the weightless/3D task type. The guide sign support was significantly more effective than YAH map support. Moreover, the interactions between support style and gender difference indicated that males exhibit better wayfinding performance than females, but that appropriate support can improve navigational performance and eliminate gender differences. In addition, the Way-Finding Strategy Scale result showed that the females were more likely to adopt the egocentric strategy while males were more likely to adopt the allocentric strategy, and that their scores were negatively correlated with navigational performance. Our results can be used to evaluate the interface designs of navigational support systems taking into consideration gender differences with respect to 3D VR games, including VR diving or flying navigational systems.     

区域空气自动监测数据审核方法与制度的探索

区域空气自动监测网络地理分布范围大、系统仪器设备众多、监测数据以海量计,如何对数据进行审核是一个值得关注的问题.以粤港珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络的实践为例,探讨了区域空气自动监测的数据审核方法与制度.     

不同热力背景对城市降雨（暴雨）的影响（Ⅰ）—降雨分布的空间差异

如何准确描述和预测降雨（暴雨）的空间分布,已成为城市减灾防灾的重要内容,本文探讨了利用热信息研究城市降雨空间分布差异的方法。在遥感、GIS技术支持下,利用对没的期夏、冬季热图像的主成分析和图像分割,将上海市1958－1998年热环境划分为自然、低温、高温3种不同的热力背景。在此基础上,就不同热力背景对城市降雨（暴雨）分布空间差异的影响规律进行了研究,为建立城市降雨空间差异预报模型奠定了基础。     

杭州区域环境噪声监测点位优化探索

在杭州市现有区域环境噪声手工监测点位的基础上,结合地理分布,采用系统聚类法对2012年149个点位的数据样本分类、合并,将149个点位优化到26个,并用T检验法验证数据可靠性。优化前后各城区的点位分布比例相差不大,等效声级绝对误差在1.0 d B(A)内,相对误差不超过±5%。经过2013年和2014年数据验证,确定优化后的点位能体现声环境功能区的代表性。     

基于Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感大数据分析南京市1984—2015年大气能见度变化趋势

对南京市1984—2015年Landsat 4／5／7／8卫星TM／ETM＋／OLI传感器获取的遥感数据,利用ENVI遥感软件的FLAASH大气校正模块,进行了区域大气能见度（ VIS）遥感反演。结果表明,时间跨度达30余年的Landsat卫星遥感数据影像序列反演的VIS呈明显的下降趋势,20世纪80年代数值较高,“差”能见度（＜10 km）的观测率不到6％,21世纪以来VIS下降明显,“差”能见度的观测率为20％～25％。与2010—2015年南京市PM10、PM2．5监测数据进行了对比,在城市空气清洁及污染较轻时,星地监测结果有较好的一致性,但中到重污染天气时FLAASH算法反演VIS偏高,侧重于代表离主城区距离远的偏远乡野山林地区的能见度状况。     

区域环境风险评估研究进展

简述了区域环境风险及区域环境风险评估的内涵,以及国内外区域环境风险评估研究发展进程及现状,指出了现阶段区域环境风险评估存在的问题,提出应重点开展区域环境风险发生机理、定量表征区域环境风险方法等研究的展望。     

路堤荷载下带桩帽刚性桩复合地基桩土应力比分析

路堤一般由填土、碎石等散体材料组成,刚性桩复合地基中,桩土刚度差异较大引起的桩土间沉降差异,会导致路堤内部出现相对竖向位移。通过路堤填土的受力平衡分析,根据桩土差异沉降,求解出桩帽和桩帽间土体的应力分配,并结合桩帽下应力分配得出桩身应力,最终求解出桩土应力比及桩的荷载分担比例。工程实例监测结果验证了文中计算公式的适用性和可靠性。通过分析计算结果和实测结果,得出了一些路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基的承载规律,可供理论研究和工程设计参考。     

Effects of the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4 -N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N NH4 -N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31. 09 mg (ASN DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 -N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in potassium leached less, but the difference was not significant except the treatment ASN and ASN DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.     

Urban Energy Efficiency from Cities in China and Policy Implications

Using 1995-2006 panel data for 210 cities, this article firstly measures total factor energy efficiency for Chinese cities with constant return to scale data envelopment analysis model,and then describes the features of regional differences. The results show that the changing trend displays four "reversed U" shapes. A turning point of widening gap occurred among cities in 2000 and there was a certain convergence among four regions. Urban energy efficiency level is unstable. Cities with low efficiency and high energy input will be the focus of energy-saving and reducing emissions. According to Tobit model, resource endowment, temperature, industrial structure, technology level and variety of policy factors should be treated differently in different situations.     

安徽四大区域对外开放度与经济增长的分析

对外开放度是测量一个地区经济发展国际化程度的一个重要标志。以SPSS12．0为分析工具,运用回归分析方法,对安徽省四大区域对外开放度差异进行了测定和分析。2000年以来,安徽省四大经济区域对外开放度有了明显提高,但基础设施、区位条件、产业结构等方面的差异导致四大区域之间、区域内部以及地市之间的对外开放度存在明显差异。回归分析显示,对外开放度与安徽区域经济增长有着显著的相关性。