新型区域γ辐射监测系统

对新型区域γ辐射监测系统的组成和功能进行介绍,详细分析剂量仪、数据收发器和上位机软件的设计。将该系统用于涉核场所核辐射的监测,运行测试结果正常,表明该系统具有功耗低和自组网的特点,能适用于区域γ辐射监测。     

Summer time haze characteristics of the urban atmosphere of Gwangju and the rural atmosphere of Anmyon, Korea

An extensive visibility monitoring was carried out simultaneously in the urban area of Gwangju and the rural area of Anmyon, Korea. This study examines patterns of visibility impairment and haze-forming pollutant concentrations on both sites resulting from natural and anthropogenic sources of gases and particles. Optical visibility measurements by a transmissometer, a nephelometer and an aethalometer provide aerosol light extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients for both sites. In order to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols, aerosol samples were collected by various aerosol samplers at GJVMS (Gwangju Visibility Monitoring Station) and at KGAWO (Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory), respectively. In addition, haze characteristics causing visibility impairment at those two sites were analyzed to obtain source contributions by regionally transported aerosols using grid analysis and display system (GrADS) from NECP reanalysis data. During the intensive monitoring period, ammonium sulfate was dominantly responsible for the fine particle mass loading at GJVMS, whereas organic carbon was the largest contributor at KGAWO. Light scattering by particles accounted for 52.8 to 81.3% of the range at the urban site, GJVMS and for 72.1 to 94.2% of the range at the rural site, KGAWO. Light absorption by the EC and NO₂ was between 14.5 and 34.8% at GJVMS, which was higher than the observed 1.1 ∼ 6.8% at KGAWO, respectively. Light scattering by aerosol was higher in the rural area than in the urban area. And organic carbon concentration was observed to be significantly higher than the concentration of elemental carbon at KGAWO. These haze-forming carbonaceous particles originate from anthropogenic pollutants at the urban atmosphere but they can be produced by natural environments such as marine and forest at the rural atmosphere.     

An Overview of EPA's Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) Program

Regional Vulnerability Assessment (ReVA) is an approach to place-based ecological risk assessment that is currently under development by EPA's Office of Research and Development. The pilot assessment will be done for the mid-Atlantic region and builds on data collected for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. ReVA is being developed to identify those ecosystems most vulnerable to being lost or degraded in the next 5 to 50 years and to elucidate which stressors cause the greatest risk to ecosystem goods and services. The goal here is not exact predictions, but an early warning system to identify and prioritize the undesirable environmental changes we should expect over the next few decades. As such, ReVA represents a new risk paradigm for EPA that will require innovative approaches to combine existing knowledge, focus new research, and synthesize many types of information into a meaningful assessment designed to inform environmental decision-makers about future environmental risk.     

南充市酸雨的时空分布及其形成机制的初步探讨

以四川南充市为研究对象,笔者于2003-2004年连续两年对降水进行采样分析,共获取降雨数据520个,对该市酸雨的变化趋势进行了分析和讨论,并采用统计学上的主成分分析法确定该市近几年来降水化学成分中主要污染物.通过对降水中化学离子物的分析,阐明了该市酸雨的主要成因;从大气相对湿度及其颗粒物与降水pH值、[SO42-]等的对照关系对该区域的酸雨形成机制问题进行了初步探讨.     

地表水高锰酸盐指数自动监测仪差异性研究

针对地表水高锰酸盐指数自动监测仪质量控制合格率偏低及样品和试剂消耗量大的问题,分别选择3种国产及3种进口的不同型号监测仪,通过工艺比较、性能测试、低浓度及较高浓度实际水体环境下的质量控制测试及长时间连续在线监测4个方面进行差异性研究。结果表明:不同仪器采用不同工艺,影响标准物质核查结果及运行维护成本和便捷性;不同仪器性能测试结果基本符合要求;不同仪器质量控制合格率差异显著,标准物质核查合格率(低浓度的为32%~57%,高浓度的为44%~80%)低于实际水体比对(低浓度实际水体为66%~79%,较高浓度实际水体为71%~100%),国产仪器质量控制合格率与进口仪器整体相当;不同仪器连续在线监测数据有效率及相对偏差±20%内的数据量占比差异显著,而国产仪器与进口仪器在这2个方面整体差异较小。     

Evaluation of large-scale CO2 storage on fresh-water sections of aquifers: An example from the Texas Gulf Coast Basin

Large-scale injections of CO₂ into subsurface saline aquifers have been proposed to remediate climate change related to buildup of green house gases in the atmosphere. The pressure buildup caused by such injections may impact a volume of the basin significantly larger than the CO₂ plume itself. In areas with hydrological settings similar to the Gulf Coast Basin, the perturbation of the flow-field in deep parts of the basin could result in brines or brackish water being pushed up-dip into unconfined sections of the same formations or into the capture zone of fresh-water wells. The premise of the current study is that the details of multiple-phase flow processes necessary to model the near field evolution of the CO₂ plume are not necessary to describe the impact of the pressure anomaly on up-dip aquifers. This paper quantitatively explores conditions under which shallow groundwater would be impacted by up-dip displacement of brines, utilizing an existing carefully calibrated flow model. Modeling an injection of water, arguably equivalent to 50 million tons of CO₂/year for 50 years resulted in an average water-table rise of 1 m, with minor increase in stream baseflow and larger increase in ground water evapotranspiration, but no significant change in salinity.     

推进形成省级主体功能区的环境政策及保障机制初探

主体功能区实施分类管理的区域政策,环境政策是其中重要一项。针对省级主体功能区划的工作需要,将现有环境政策进行分类完善,结合四类主体功能区环境条件与发展要求提出了区域差异化的环境政策目标,并对重点政策的实施领域、施政力度进行了详细的描述。此外,为保障基于主体功能区的环境政策落到实处,从法律、资金、监督与管理和信息公开四方面探讨了环境政策保障机制建立的途径和方法。为省级主体功能区划工作稳步推进和后续其他配套政策的研究思路提供一定的参考和启发。     

A review of recent substance flow analyses of phosphorus to identify priority management areas at different geographical scales

The dwindling global reserves of extractable phosphorus (P) and its growing demand to produce the required food for a burgeoning global population (the global P crisis) necessitate the sustainable use of this crucial resource. To advert the crisis requires informed policy decisions which can only be obtained by a better understanding of the nature and magnitude of P flow through different systems at different geographical scales. Through a systematic and in-depth review of twenty one recent substance flow analyses of P, we have assessed the key P inflows, outflows, stocks, internal flows, and recycling flows at the city, regional, and country scales. The assessment has revealed, the main inflow and outflow of P at the city scale occurs through food and wastewater respectively, while the main stock of P occurs in landfill. At the regional scale, mineral ore is the main P inflow and chemical P fertilizer is the main outflow particularly in the regions that have P fertilizer production sector. In contrast, either chemical P fertilizer or animal feed is the key inflow and either food and agricultural products or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching) is the major outflow especially in the regions without P fertilizer production sector. At the country scale, the key P inflow occurs either through mineral ore or chemical P fertilizer and the key outflow takes place either as food and agricultural products, waste (both solid and liquid), or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching). The main stock of P both at the regional and country scales occurs in the soil of the agricultural production sector. As identified in this assessment, the key unproductive outflows and stocks at different geographical scales indicate that there is a potential scope to improve P management through the increased P recovery and recycling, and by the utilization of available soil P stocks. In many of the studies at all the geographical scales, P recycling flow has been found to be less than 20% of the total inflow, and even in some studies at the country scale, P recycling has been found to be entirely absent, which is a clear indication of poor P management. This study has also identified, there is a clear knowledge gap in relation to understanding the P flow over multiple years at the regional scale. The information about the key flows and stocks at different geographical scales as we identified can be utilized to make better P policy and management decisions for a city, region, or country. The information can also be used to guide future research that aims to analyze P flow at the city, regional, and country scales.     

长江经济带经济高质量发展差异性机理及对策分析

基于驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应(DPSIR)模型,建立经济高质量发展系统作用机理分析框架和概念模型,运用结构方程模型对长江经济带上、中、下游三大区域经济高质量发展路径和关键因素进行探索。结果表明:①长江经济带下游地区作用机理为"驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应"单向链式作用路径,资源消耗强度、贫困差异和生态环境质量为最关键因素。②长江经济带中游地区为"驱动力—压力—状态"和"影响—响应"跳跃式作用路径,产业结构为最关键因素。③长江经济带上游地区为"状态—影响—响应"的中断式作用路径,生态资源、科技创新和城市化为最关键因素。     

基于MSLSTM-DA模型的水质自动监测异常数据报警

提出一种基于多元堆叠长短时记忆网络-差值分析(MSLSTM-DA)模型对地表水质异常数据进行报警的方法.该方法首先建立MSLSTM模型对水质指标数据进行预测,再基于预测结果的残差分布建立DA模型,并确定各个指标的数据异常阈值,当实测数据与预测数据差值大于阈值时进行数据报警.以长江流域监测断面的水质数据进行了方法有效性验证.结果表明,构建的预测模型对５个指标的MAE、MAPE均值比BP神经网络预测模型降低21.0%,17.8%,比LSTM模型降低16.8%,17.9%.皮尔逊系数均值比BP神经网络、LSTM模型的分别高5.9%,4.4%.5个指标共检出水质异常数据37条,其中34条经人工判断确实存在有异常,报警准确率高达91.9%.