Measurement of minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds – History,present, future

Nearly 130 years ago Holtzwart and von Meyer (1891) demonstrated by experiments that explosible dust clouds could be ignited by inductive electric sparks. Then more than half a century passed before the publication of the important quantitative research of Boyle and Llewellyn (1950) and Line et al. (1959). They worked with capacitive electric sparks and found that the minimum capacitor energies ½CU² required for ignition of various dust clouds in air decreased substantially when a large series resistance, in the range 10⁴–10⁷ Ω, was introduced in the discharge circuit. When considering that the net energies of the sparks themselves were only of the order of 10% of the ½CU² discharged, the minimum net spark energies required for ignition with a large series resistance were only a few per cent of the net energies required without such a resistance.Line et al. observed that the essential effect of increasing the series resistance, and hence increasing the discharge time of the sparks, was to reduce the disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave from the spark. This phenomenon was explored further by Eckhoff (1970, 2017), and subsequently by some simple experiments by Eckhoff and Enstad (1976). Franke (1974, 1977) and Laar (1980) confirmed the additional finding of Line et al. (1959) that the minimum ½CU² for ignition is also substantially reduced by including a series inductance in the discharge circuit, rather than a series resistance. The basic reason is the same as with a large series resistance, viz. increased spark discharge time and hence decreased disturbance of the dust cloud by blast wave from the spark. For this reason inclusion of an appreciable series inductance in the spark discharge circuit is an essential element in current standard MIE test methods.In experiments with spark ignition of transient dust clouds produced by a blast of air in a closed vessel, it is necessary to synchronize the occurrence of the spark with the formation of the dust cloud. The precision required from this type of synchronization is typically of the order of 10 ms, which can be obtained even by mechanical arrangements, such as rapid change of spark gap length, or of the distance between two capacitor plates. The present paper reviews some methods that have been/are being used for achieving adequate synchronization of dust cloud appearance and spark discharge. Some current standard experimental methods for determining MIEs of dust clouds experimentally have also been reviewed. The same applies to some theories of electric-spark ignition of dust clouds.At the end of paper some suggestions for possible future modifications of current standard methods for measuring MIEs of explosible dust clouds are presented. With regard to justifying significant modifications of existing standard methods, the “bottom line” is, as quite often in many connections, that any modifications should be based on realistic cost/benefit evaluations.     

提高自动监控运维管理质量的若干思考

针对排污企业在线自动监控系统管理存在主体责任履行不到位,第三方运维企业人员流动性大且技术素质参差不齐等问题,对照污染源自动监控系统相关法律法规和标准,结合多年的污染源自动监控系统监督核查管理经验,提出排污企业应尽量安装同一品牌同一型号的自动监控设施、建立针对第三方的监督考核机制,运维企业应制定长期有效的管理机制、建立自动监控设施运行动态管理台账等建议,以提升企业自动监控系统管理水平,确保自动监控数据真实、合法、有效,为企业生态环境管理决策提供有力支持。     

Past On-Site Experience,Crowding Perceptions,and Use Displacement of Visitor Groups to a Peri-Urban National Park

Past on-site experience was linked to the crowding perceptions and use displacement of 383 on-site visitors to the peri-urban Danube Floodplains National Park, Austria. Three visitor groups were determined according to their area experience: local residents from Vienna and rural communities, having the highest level of experience; regional visitors from the city and eastern Austria; and tourists from Austria and abroad with the lowest degree of experience. Crowding perceptions were significantly different across the user groups. More than 50% of local residents perceived the national park as crowded, whereas only 27% of regional visitors and 19% of tourists reported such an evaluation. Even among local residents and regional visitors, respondents with more on-site experience expressed a greater impression of a crowded park. Differences in crowding evaluations between local rural and urban residents and between regional rural and urban visitors were not found. For 27% of local residents and 15% of regional visitors, use levels were so unacceptable that they displaced temporally and spatially, whereas use displacement was relatively irrelevant for tourists. The use displacement strategies involved differ among the three user groups. Management implications were discussed, taking the specific situation of the small national park on the urban-rural fringe into consideration.     

我国湖泊的环境问题及治理对策

我国湖泊众多,类型多样,分布不均衡;以浅水、小型、老年消亡期为主,富营养化特征系浮游植物响应型为主;水源污染主要是富营养化和有机污染;污染治理对策应以生态系统修复为根本,控制陆源污染物为前提。     

地区发展差异与湖北省可持续发展战略

湖北省的经济发展水平与全国其它地区存在着较大的差异,从全国范围看,湖北省多年一直处在中等偏下的水平,而在长江流域,近年湖北省一下游省市的差距在迅速扩大;在中心地区各省中,湖北则相对领先。     

综合防治棉铃虫的区域性技术体系研究

研究改进了棉铃虫中期预报方法；提出“一代监测、二代保顶、三代保蕾、四代保铃”为主的防治策略；研究制定适用于不同世代、不同水肥条件的科学防治指标，协调应用多种配套措施保护、利用自然天敌控害，系统监测和治理棉铃虫抗药性；利用棉花种质资源和品种的抗病、抗虫性；诱杀成虫；组建大面积综防技术体系。在１９９２～１９９５年棉铃虫猩獗发生的情况下，于河南省新乡县棉花病虫害综防示范区大面积实施后，有效控制了棉铃虫危害。     

流域性洪涝及其指标研究

本文讨论了区域洪涝指标，认为区域洪涝指标应反映出不同洪涝面积和不同洪涝等级对区域洪涝的影响程度，基于这一思想，提出了一个区域洪涝指标计算公式。为了使区域洪涝研究更为具体和可比，本文在分析区域洪涝指标的基础上，提出了流域性洪涝的概念，并以《中国近五年百旱涝分布图集》为基础，建立了淮河流域５００年流性洪涝指标序列及其等级。     

班组作业活动危险源的辨识及风险控制方法

介绍了班组开展危险源辨识及风险控制的重要作用,描述了企业班组实施作业活动危险源辨识的步骤和方法,以及作业条件危险性评价法和风险控制的方法.     

城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属时空动态变化

以贵阳市交通区-城市广场-文教区-住宅区-城中村地表灰尘为研究对象,对不同月份地表灰尘进行跟踪采样分析,研究不同功能区地表灰尘重金属质量比的时空变化特征,并通过内梅罗指数法对灰尘重金属累积程度进行评价。结果表明:1)As、Cd和Pb月质量比最低值出现在6—7月,而Cu、Ni和Zn月质量比最低值出现在11月上旬,各元素月质量比最高值出现的月份不尽相同,但以11—12月为主;2)春冬季地表灰尘重金属质量比高于夏秋季;3)灰尘中Ni、Zn质量比随时间和区域的变化最小,As、Cd、Cu和Pb质量比随时间和区域的变化较大,这4种元素在城市广场累积最重;4)人类活动是影响地表灰尘重金属迁移和累积的重要因素之一,温度、降雨、街道形状和地理位置也是影响地表灰尘重金属含量的因素。     

长江中下游地区空气质量的数值模拟研究

根据2002年在ACE-Asia和TRACE-P试验中获得的亚洲区域的污染源排放资料,利用美国EPA最新发展的空气质量模式Models-3,分别模拟研究生物源和人为源排放于2002年7月2日08时至7月3日07时在长江中下游地区引起的O3、SO2、CO以及NOx浓度的变化规律和特征.结果显示,模式对污染物具有很好的模拟能力,无论是污染物浓度的日变化还是PBL层内垂直分布情况,都与已有结论和观测结果一致.