近五年中国自然灾害空间分布格局及其月动态变化研究

作者根据《中国减灾》所载１９９０～１９９４年月灾情记录，经统一编码和标准化处理，建立了以行政县为基本单元的数据库。进而对近五年来中国自然灾害空间分布及其月动态变化进行分析，并与１９４９～１９９０年中国自然灾害的平均状况进行对比。     

流域性洪涝及其指标研究

本文讨论了区域洪涝指标，认为区域洪涝指标应反映出不同洪涝面积和不同洪涝等级对区域洪涝的影响程度，基于这一思想，提出了一个区域洪涝指标计算公式。为了使区域洪涝研究更为具体和可比，本文在分析区域洪涝指标的基础上，提出了流域性洪涝的概念，并以《中国近五年百旱涝分布图集》为基础，建立了淮河流域５００年流性洪涝指标序列及其等级。     

流域水资源开发与饮用水源地保护实例分析

随着工业化与城市化的发展,流域开发对水资源的需求总量与质量在不断提高。与此同时,工业废水、生活污水、禽畜养殖废水等排放量却在迅速增加,大量未经处理的污废水直接排入周围水体,造成水体利用功能下降,严重危及水资源安全。在潭江流域水资源调查中发现,目前潭江流域面临着流域发展对资源的需求增加与水质下降这一双重问题,流域饮用水源地优先保护与水资源持续利用已成为潭江流域开发研究的重要内容。通过对潭江流域水资源利用现状、特点与存在问题的分析,提出了相应水资源持续利用与饮用水源地保护的对策与措施。     

Watershed Management and Organizational Dynamics: Nationwide Findings and Regional Variation

Recent attention has focused on resource management initiatives at the watershed scale with emphasis on collaborative, locally driven, and decentralized institutional arrangements. Existing literature on limited selections of well-established watershed-based organizations has provided valuable insights. The current research extends this focus by including a broad survey of watershed organizations from across the United States as a means to estimate a national portrait. Organizational characteristics include year of formation, membership size and composition, budget, guiding principles, and mechanisms of decision-making. These characteristics and the issue concerns of organizations are expected to vary with respect to location. Because this research focuses on organizations that are place based and stakeholder driven, the forces driving them are expected to differ across regions of the country. On this basis of location, we suggest basic elements for a regional assessment of watershed organizations to channel future research and to better approximate the organizational dynamics, issue concerns, and information needs unique to organizations across the country. At the broadest level, the identification of regional patterns or organizational similarities may facilitate the linkage among organizations to coordinate their actions at the much broader river basin or ecosystem scale.     

Large-Scale Effects of Timber Harvesting on Stream Systems in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA

Using Basin Area Stream Survey (BASS) data from the United States Forest Service, we evaluated how timber harvesting influenced patterns of variation in physical stream features and regional fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Data were collected for three years (1990–1992) from six hydrologically variable streams in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA that were paired by management regime within three drainage basins. Specifically, we used multivariate techniques to partition variability in assemblage structure (taxonomic and trophic) that could be explained by timber harvesting, drainage basin differences, year-to-year variability, and their shared variance components. Most of the variation in fish assemblages was explained by drainage basin differences, and both basin and year-of-sampling influenced macroinvertebrate assemblages. All three factors modeled, including interactions between drainage basins and timber harvesting, influenced variability in physical stream features. Interactions between timber harvesting and drainage basins indicated that differences in physical stream features were important in determining the effects of logging within a basin. The lack of a logging effect on the biota contradicts predictions for these small, hydrologically variable streams. We believe this pattern is related to the large scale of this study and the high levels of natural variability in the streams. Alternatively, there may be time-specific effects we were unable to detect with our sampling design and analyses.     

我国湖泊的环境问题及治理对策

我国湖泊众多,类型多样,分布不均衡;以浅水、小型、老年消亡期为主,富营养化特征系浮游植物响应型为主;水源污染主要是富营养化和有机污染;污染治理对策应以生态系统修复为根本,控制陆源污染物为前提。     

Use of rural energy resources and eco-environmental degradation in Tibet

IntroductionReportedasthethirdpoleoftheearth(Zheng ,1996) ,theTibetregionisthemainbodyoftheQinghai TibetPlateau.Itcrosses 9°50′oflatitudefromsouthtonorthand2 0°30′oflongitudefromeasttowest,withavastareaof1 2millionkm2 andahighaverageelevationofover40 …     

城市土壤和地表灰尘重金属污染研究进展与展望

随着城市化和工业化的不断推进,城市土壤和地表灰尘重金属污染日趋严重,对城市环境和人类健康构成威胁,已成为国内外城市环境研究的热点问题.从重金属污染水平及其时空特征、污染源解析方法、生态和健康风险这3个主要方面,对国内外城市土壤和地表灰尘重金属研究成果进行了梳理和归纳.分析了当前研究存在的不足,并对未来研究进行了展望,即研究土壤和地表灰尘重金属在不同条件下的相互影响机制,通过丰富验证方法加强重金属来源解析模型结果的可靠性研究,加强来源驱动下重金属化学形态差异和地表灰尘短期累积污染过程的研究,完善暴露参数并深入探究重金属的化学形态对其生态和健康风险的影响,以提高风险预测水平.     

典型工业园污染源羰基化合物排放特征研究

选取中国华东地区某工业园新区典型行业企业进行现场采样,利用PFPH衍生化-GC/MS联用技术进行羰基化合物(CBCs)的组成特征和含量水平检测,研究其排放特征。结果表明,在该工业园新区内共检出22种CBCs,各化合物的质量浓度为0.008~239.4μg/m~3,各企业CBCs总质量浓度均值为(437.62±64.45)μg/m~3,工业污染源排放贡献率由高至低顺序依次为涂料制造橡胶制造医药制造化学品制造金属制造电子元件制造。根据各物质化学反应活性及大气化学寿命,获得该工业园新区典型的CBCs分子标志物为甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、丙醛、2-丁酮、丁醛、己醛、环己酮和苯甲醛,它们占总CBCs含量的80.01%,其中乙醛含量最高,质量浓度均值高达(95.42±71.48)μg/m3。最后,建立了6种典型工业污染源CBCs成分谱。     

沈阳市某化工园区现状环境风险评估

从风险物质数量、风险诱发因素及风险防控能力角度出发,采用加权评分法,结合周边环境敏感受体情况,对沈阳市某化工园现状做环境风险评估。结果表明:JHYSD和XJHX的区域环境风险值贡献最大,分别为3.08和2.59,约占园区内总风险值的41.2%;该化工园综合环境风险值为13.57,构成该综合风险值的各分项大小不同,其中,RIS_(危险废物)分项环境风险最大,贡献率达到28.89%,其次为RIS_(大气),贡献率达27.34%,其余三者顺序为RIS_(化学品)RIS_水RIS_(累积)。