Atmospheric isoprene and monoterpenes in a typical urban area of Beijing: Pollution characterization, chemical reactivity and source identification

Continuous observation of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene was carried out in a typical urban area of Beijing from March 2014 to February 2015, using an AirmoV OC online analyzer. Based on the analysis of the ambient level and variation characteristics of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, the chemical reactivity was studied, and their sources were identified. Results showed that the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene in the urban area of Beijing were lower than those in richly vegetated areas; the concentrations of isoprene were at a moderate level compared with those of previous studies of Beijing. Concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene showed different seasonal, monthly, daily and diurnal variations, and all of the three species showed higher level at night than those in the daytime as a whole, the variations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene mainly influenced by emission of sources, photochemical reaction, and meteorological parameters. Isoprene was the largest contributor to the total OFP values than α-pinene and β-pinene. α-Pinene was the largest contributor to the total SOAFP values than isoprene and β-pinene in autumn, while isoprene was the largest one in other seasons. Isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene were derived mainly from biological sources; and α-pinene level were also affected by industrial sources. To reduce the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, it is necessary to scientifically select urban green plant species, and more strict control measures should be taken to reduce the emission of α-pinene from industrial sources, such as artificial flavors and resins synthesis processes.     

四川省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征

在收集四川省各城市人为污染源活动水平数据基础上,基于自下而上和自上而下结合的清单构建方法,选取排放因子并结合GIS技术,建立了该地区2015年1 km×1 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2015年四川省人为源SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC、VOCs和NH_3排放量分别为444.9×10~3、820.0×10~3、3 773.1×10~3、1 371.6×10~3、537.5×10~3、28.7×10~3、53.1×10~3、923.6×10~3和988.0×10~3t.电厂和工业锅炉等燃煤排放贡献了95%以上的SO_2,移动源、化石燃料燃烧源和工艺过程源分别贡献了54%、23%和20%的NO_x,以钢铁和建材制造为主的工艺过程源分别贡献了20%的PM_(10)和34%的PM_(2.5),以道路扬尘为主的扬尘源分别贡献了60%的PM_(10)和35%的PM_(2.5),生物质燃烧分别贡献了33%的BC和51%的OC,以机械加工、建筑装饰、电子设备制造、印刷和家具等行业为主的溶剂使用源贡献了46%的VOCs,NH_3主要来自畜禽养殖和氮肥施用等农业部门排放,分别占总排放量的70%和25%.污染物空间分布结果显示,四川省各项大气污染物主要集中分布于人口最为密集,农业和工业均较为发达的四川盆地和攀枝花部分区域,其中,以成都、德阳和绵阳为代表的成都平原城市群为四川盆地内的主要排放高值区域.所建立的排放清单存在一定不确定性,后续研究中应针对活动水平数据获取的不足开展数据收集工作,加强排放贡献较大典型污染源的排放因子本地化研究工作,逐步完善四川省大气污染物排放清单,为四川省复合型大气污染研究和防治提供科学支撑.     

自然灾害与区域经济可持续发展

运用系统工程理论,研究了自然灾害对区域经济持续发展的影响-对区域经济增长、产业结构、资源与环境及区域间经济联系与合作的影响,并对防灾救灾工作提出了建议．     

区域经济评估应考虑环境资源等可持续发展指标

在区域综合经济实力评估中,我们应选择和包含环境、资源等统计指标,以适应经济能可持续、健康、快速发展的要求,这也是贯彻世界环境与发展会议的精神,我们选定了２３个定量和定性的经济、环境、资源等混合型指标,对成都七区的经济实力进行过评估,经与实际对比,效果是较为满意的     

中国南方地区12个城市水源水的水质特征

对中国南方地区具有代表性的武汉、长沙、成都等12个城市饮用水水源的水质状况进行了调查、监测与分析，结果显示，南方地区的水源普遍存在着低浊、高藻、微污染的特征．据统计，78．6％的水源浊度平均值处于50NTU以下，63．6％的水源藻类污染严重，57．1％的水源微污染状况正逐渐加剧。     

Spatial distribution and source identification of wet deposition at remote EANET sites in Japan

Wet deposition of major ions was discussed from the viewpoint of its potential sources for six remote EANET sites in Japan (Rishiri, Happo, Oki, Ogasawara, Yusuhara, and Hedo) having sufficiently high data completeness during 2000–2004. The annual deposition for each site ranged from 12.1 to 46.6 meq m⁻² yr⁻¹ for nss-SO₄²⁻, from 5.0 to 21.9 meq m⁻² yr⁻¹ for NO₃⁻. The ranges of annual deposition of the two ions for the sites were lower than those for urban and rural sites in Japanese Acid Deposition Survey by Ministry of the Environment, Japan, and higher than those for global remote marine sites. Factor analysis was performed on log-transformed daily wet deposition of major ions for each site. The obtained two factors were interpreted as (1) acid and soil source (or acid source for some sites), and (2) sea-salt source for all the sites. This indicates that wet deposition of ions over the remote areas in Japan has a similar structure in terms of types of sources. Factor scores of acid and soil source were relatively high during Kosa (Asian dust) events in spring in western Japan. Back-trajectories for high-deposition episodes of acid and soil source (or acid source) for the remote sites showed that episodic air masses frequently came from the northeastern area of Asian Continent in spring and winter, and from central China in summer and autumn. This indicates a large contribution of continental emissions to wet deposition of ions over the remote areas in Japan.     

大气固定污染源的控制体制和支持系统

国家作出了污染物总量控制的决策，它要求必须建立完善的污染物控制体系。文章结合了发达国家环境管理的成功经验，以框架方式论述了大气固定污染源的控制体制和支持系统。对固定源的管理体制论述包括环境标准、最佳控制技术、最大限度削减排放的原则、排污许可证制度、宽限期、公众参与、监测、处罚等项；支持系统论述包括管理人员、法规与标准、技术支持等项。     

宁东能源化工基地规划产业布局的生态适宜性分析

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,在宁东地区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价的基础上,对宁东能源化工基地规划的产业布局进行了生态适宜性分析.结果表明,宁东能源化工基地规划的煤炭、电力和煤化工三大主导产业布 局与该区生态环境不相适宜.在规划的12座煤矿、7个电厂和3个煤化工园区中,有3座煤矿、2个电厂和1个化工园区位于土壤侵蚀的高度敏感区内;有2座煤矿、3个电厂和1个化工园区位于土壤侵蚀的中度敏感区内.为更好的促进区域生态环境与经济社会的协调发展,探索性地提出了宁东能源化工基地产业布局规划的优化调整建议.     

持久性有机污染物(续完)

持久性有机污染物的环境化学和生态毒理学是目前环境研究最活跃的领域之一。本文综述了持久性有机污染物的成分特性、对生物群的毒理效应、环境污染源、环境分析、环境行为、食物链传播、地区性或全球性的污染传输等问题。同时提出了对目前和将来持久性有机污染物研究的一些浅见。     

甲醛法在测定固定污染源排放SO2浓度中的应用

对用注射器采样甲醛法测定高浓度ＳＯ２样气精密度、准确度，采样效率，样品的稳定性进行了研究，并应用于燃煤，燃油锅炉排气中ＳＯ２浓度的测定，同时与碘量法结果进行比较和评价，表明注射器采样甲醛法测定了ＳＯ２基本可行。