Emissions trading in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta region—A modeling approach to trade decisions in Hong Kong's electricity industry

In 2002, the Hong Kong government and the Guangdong provincial government agreed to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, respirable suspended particulates, and volatile organic compounds by 40%, 20%, 55%, and 55%, respectively. There was strong public demand for the power stations in Hong Kong to reduce emissions. Emission caps were introduced, with allowances for the trading of emission credits. However, local power stations were using equipment built in the 1980s and 1990s, making it difficult for them to meet the new emissions requirements. The situation presented a new challenge, which involved a choice of either improving the existing equipment, or using emissions trading to meet the emission caps. This study reviews the background on emissions in Hong Kong and the surrounding regions, the “cap and trade” system, and the technologies used for power generation and emission reduction. A modeling approach is adopted to simulate the equipment, the electricity dispatching requirements, and the costs of either reducing emissions or trading emission credits. Data from a power station in Hong Kong was chosen for the simulation. Different options were simulated in the model to identify the optimal strategy. The results were then compared with the plan for emission reduction. This study demonstrates that a modeling approach using linear programming can analyze the complicated options involving emission reduction and investments to achieve an optimized business solution.     

黔中喀斯特石漠化区不同小生境常见木本植物水分来源特征

选择黔中清镇市王家寨小流域内不同石漠化植物群落,通过分析测定喀斯特小生境内5种常见木本植物,鼠李、火棘、烟管荚蒾、圆果化香和云贵鹅耳枥与其潜在水源稳定性氢氧同位素组成,研究植物水分来源特征,并通过线性混合模型确定水源贡献比,探讨喀斯特小生境植物水分利用对石漠化过程的适应与响应。结果表明:多数情况下,研究区不同小生境内各植物种在雨季同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,对土壤水的利用比例大于表层岩溶带水。各植物种对表层岩溶带水的利用比例随着石漠化的进行而减小。常绿灌木火棘、鼠李和烟管荚蒾在轻度、无石漠化样地同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,但在中、强度石漠化则多利用土壤水,落叶小乔木圆果化香和云贵鹅耳枥在无石漠化同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,而在轻度石漠化样地仅利用土壤水,这跟不同样地植被类型、干扰方式、土壤情况及裂隙发育等不同有关。     

人工湿地空气微生物群落碳源代谢特征

采用BIOLOG-GN微平板分析自由表面流人工湿地空气微生物群落碳源代谢特征,阐明空气微生物群落代谢功能与环境因子相关性.结果表明,不同季节人工湿地空气微生物AWCD值、优势群落及Mc Intosh指数均存在差异,春季和夏季空气微生物碳源代谢强度明显高于秋季和冬季(P0.01);4个季节人工湿地空气微生物优势群落依次为羧酸类代谢群落、糖类代谢群落、聚合物类代谢群落和羧酸类代谢群落,夏季空气微生物对6类化合物的利用水平高于其他季节(P0.05).主成分分析显示,秋季和冬季空气微生物碳源代谢特征相似,但与春季和夏季差别较大,胺类是区分人工湿地夏季与春季、秋季和冬季的主要碳源类型,羧酸类是区分春季与秋季和冬季空气微生物代谢差异的主要碳源类型.不同季节人工湿地空气微生物群落结构主导影响因子存在差异.     

混合碳源制备生物絮凝剂的絮凝效能及产量预测模型

为实现混合底物的高效定向转化,以产絮菌根癌农杆菌(Agrobactrium tumefaciens)F2为研究对象,考察不同单一碳源及不同初始浓度对菌体生长、絮凝效能及絮凝剂产量的变化规律,采用BP算法构建絮凝效能及产量预测神经网络.产絮菌F2利用葡萄糖时的絮凝效能和产量分别为88.98%和2.20 g·L-1,过低的初始浓度将影响产量,不低于7.5 g·L-1为佳.以D-(+)-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖和D-甘露糖3种单糖为混合碳源,构建网络结构为3-5-2的产絮效能及絮凝剂产量预测模型,对两个输出层的预测误差范围均在4%以内,预测葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖浓度的最优解为6.59 g·L-1、1.32 g·L-1、3.57 g·L-1,经验证混合碳源发酵产絮可使絮凝效能和产量比单一葡萄糖发酵时分别提高6.87%和26.82%,本文为产絮菌F2利用含糖有机质废液发酵产絮凝剂提供数据参考.     

区域环境空气质量评价体系的探讨

环境质量作为影响经济发展的重要因素,随着经济的发展,受到人们越来越多的关注;而环境质量评价是对环境质量的好坏做出定量的或半定量分析、描绘或鉴定,因此,对环境质量的综合评价极其重要,环境空气质量是环境质量中不可获缺的一部分。为了对环境空气质量状况的了解更直观,且便于区域间进行环境空气质量的横向比较,本文建立了能反映区域环境空气质量水平的评价体系,并提出了评分方法。     

福建省饮用水源地植被缓冲带建设规划研究

饮用水水源地是水环境的重要组成部分,是水环境功能区划中具有最高使用功能的水域。本研究通过对福建省饮用水源地保护区周边不同类型植被缓冲带的生态调查的基础上,对植被缓冲带的结构和布局、缓冲带宽度要求以及缓冲带植被选择和配置等要素方面进行设计,提出三种不同类型饮用水源地的植被缓冲带规划建设。本研究对于保护水源地水质,保障饮水安全和人民身体健康,促进资源的可持续利用和生态、环境的可持续保护有着重要的作用。     

秦皇岛重点工业污染源一次PM2.5排放量估算分析研究

依据《PM2.5源排放清单编制技术指南》结合企业排污申报登记数据,量化分析了秦皇岛一次PM2.5排放源中工业源PM2 5排放数据,重点核算分析了秦皇岛的支柱产业玻璃、水泥的一次PM2.5排放量情况.结果显示在秦皇岛当地的工业企业中,水泥行业所排放的PM2.5总量在全部重点工业一次PM2.5排放源中所占的比例较大,同时结果显示在生产过程中使用燃煤较多的企业PM2.5的排放量要高于其它企业.从地区分布上来分析,秦皇岛市抚宁县PM2.5的排放量是当地三区四县中最多的地区.     

广西某城市饮用水水源地重金属健康风险评价

为阐明城市饮用水水源地重金属污染物的健康风险水平,根据广西某市主要的3处饮用水水源地水质监测结果,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对水源地原水中Cr、As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg、Fe和Zn等重金属通过饮用水途径引起的环境健康风险进行评价。结果表明:非致癌物质对成人和儿童引起的总非致癌风险在10-10~10-9a-1之间,远低于US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平(10-4a-1);致癌物质对成人和儿童引起的人均年致癌风险大小顺序均为CrAsCd;河流、湖库型水源地总致癌风险均超过US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平(10-4a-1),其中儿童人群总致癌风险在8.43×10-5~6.26×10-4a-1之间,明显高于成人6.05×10-5~4.52×10-4a-1的水平。Cr对儿童和成人总致癌风险贡献最高,是最主要的致癌物。     

Characteristics and anthropogenic sources of carbonyl sulfide in Beijing

Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in Beijing were intensively measured from March 2011 to June 2013. COS mixing ratios exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with a maximum average value of 849 ± 477 pptv in winter and a minimal value of 372 ± 115 pptv in summer. The seasonal variation of COS was mainly ascribed to the combined effects of vegetation uptake and anthropogenic emissions. Two types of significant linear correlations (R² > 0.66) were found between COS and CO during the periods from May to June and from October to March, with slopes (ΔCOS/ΔCO) of 0.72 and 0.14 pptv/ppbv, respectively. Based on the emission ratios of COS/CO from various sources, the dominant anthropogenic sources of COS in Beijing were found to be vehicle tire wear in summer and coal burning in winter. The total anthropogenic emission of COS in Beijing was roughly estimated as 0.53 ± 0.02 Gg/year based on the local CO emission inventory and the ΔCOS/ΔCO ratios.     

Characteristics and anthropogenic sources of carbonyl sulfide in Beijing

Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbonyl sulfide(COS) in Beijing were intensively measured from March 2011 to June 2013. COS mixing ratios exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with a maximum average value of 849 ± 477 pptv in winter and a minimal value of 372 ± 115 pptv in summer. The seasonal variation of COS was mainly ascribed to the combined effects of vegetation uptake and anthropogenic emissions. Two types of significant linear correlations(R2 0.66) were found between COS and CO during the periods from May to June and from October to March, with slopes(ΔCOS/ΔCO) of 0.72 and 0.14 pptv/ppbv, respectively. Based on the emission ratios of COS/CO from various sources, the dominant anthropogenic sources of COS in Beijing were found to be vehicle tire wear in summer and coal burning in winter. The total anthropogenic emission of COS in Beijing was roughly estimated as 0.53 ± 0.02 Gg/year based on the local CO emission inventory and the ΔCOS/ΔCO ratios.