区域自然灾害系统基本单元：研究—Ⅰ：理论部分

本文在区域自然灾害系统论的基础上提出了组成区域自然灾害系统的最小空间单位——区域自然灾害系统基本单元的概念体系，解决了区域自然灾害系统研究中的最小空间均质单位问题。进而提出了应用ＧＩＳ技术划分不同空间尺度下基本单元、提取与基本单元相匹配的不同类型的属性数据的方法，使不同来源的数据在基本单元中得到统一的表达，解决了区域自然灾害研究中以自然单元为基础的数据与以行政单元数据相匹配的问题，为区域自然灾害研究向定量化方向发展奠定了基础。     

模糊聚类分析在区域自然灾害区划的应用：以四川省为例

本文通过对四川省自然灾害分布规律的分析,提出其区划的原则和要求,并引入模糊聚类的方法,对四川省自然灾害进行分区划片,目的是为区域规划提供减灾的重点方向。     

城市火灾危险性分析

本文提出了一个城市火灾危险性分析的一般模型。通过对实际火灾案例的统计分析，提出了火灾发生率的主导统计参数。并提出以超越概率曲线的方法来表达火灾危险性分析的结果。经验证，该模型具有可操作性，结论可信。     

区域减灾与可持续发展

根据我国区域灾害的特点, 分析了灾害实际中存在的问题, 提出了区域灾害研究必须加强承灾体脆弱性研究, 走可持续发展之路     

WATER QUALITY PATTERNS DURING A STORM ON A MALL PARKING LOT1

ABSTRACT: Intensive temporal sampling of rainfall, surface runoff and subsurface drainage, and stream flow upstream and downstream of a suburban mall parking lot yielded expected patterns in time and space. Variations in temperature and conductivity showed strong dilution effects, while patterns of nine elemental concentrations in surface runoff showed a flushing effect early in the storm, following by dilution. Heavy nitrate loads in surface runoff were apparently from rainfall, not surficial sources. For the magnitude of storm studied and the existing study site, local impact on stream flow and water quality, like the run-off itself, is rather ephemeral, and dissipates after about five hours.     

Shopping studies for regional planning

This paper is based on a shopping study carried out by the Department of Geography, University of Utrecht, during 1983. It is concerned with retail planning research for larger regions and starts with a state of the art review of retail planning research in the Netherlands. The aim, in developing a new research strategy, was to reduce time and costs through using computer facilit es for both data handling and data collection. There is discussion of methodology and some outcomes to demonstrate the possibilities of the strategy.     

A regional environmental information system for analyzing and predicting the impacts of nonferrous mining on an agricultural environment

Mineral exploitation is a necessary component of China's economic development goals. Such exploitation brings with it the potential for serious environmental degradation. Careful environmental impact assessments of mining projects are required in order to implement China's environmental protection law and identify measures for protecting surrounding agricultural environments. This article describes an environmental information system that has been developed for the purpose of assisting with the environmental impact assessment of nonferrous mining operations with a particular focus on agricultural impacts. An application of the environmental information system to the Yongping copper mine, located in Jiangxi Province, is discussed. The role of the environmental information system is analyzing and predicting soil contamination from heavy metals and other types of impacts from this mining operation is described. The environmental information system is designed for implementation on an IBM PC/XT microcomputer. The experience gained from the Yongping copper mine application and the growing popularity of microcomputers in China indicate a significant potential for the effective use of a microcomputer-based environmental information system in other parts of China.     

Watershed surveys to support an assessment of the regional effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry

Through the Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP), the United States Environmental Protection Agency is attempting to assess the risk to surface waters from acidic deposition in three regions of the eastern United States: the Northeast Region, the Southern Blue Ridge Province, and the Mid-Appalachian Region. The central policy question being addressed by the DDRP is: Within the regions of concern, how many surface water systems (lakes, streams) will become acidic due to current or altered levels of acidic sulfur deposition, and on what time scales? The approach taken by the DDRP is to select a statistically representative set of watersheds in each region of concern and to project the future response of each watershed to various assumed levels of acidic deposition. The probability structure will then be used to extrapolate the watershed-specific results to each region. The data will be used also for statistical investigation of hypothesized relationships between current surface water chemistry and watershed characteristics. Because the needed terrestrial data base was not available, regional watershed surveys were conducted to meet the specific data needs of the DDRP. Maps (1∶24,000) of soils, vegetation, land use, depth to bedrock, and bedrock geology were made for each watershed. The soils were grouped into sampling classes based on their hypothesized response to acidic deposition. Randomized sampling of these classes provided regional means and variances of soil properties that can be applied to individual watersheds. Because of DDRP's need for consistency within and among regions, unique quality control/quality assurance activities were developed and implemented. After verification and validation, the DDRP data base will be made publicly available. This will be a unique and useful resource for others investigating watershed relationships on a regional scale. The results of these surveys and the conclusions of the DDRP will be presented in several future papers. The current paper gives an overview of the context, rationale, logistical considerations, and implementation of these surveys, with special emphasis on the field activities of watershed mapping and soil sampling. This discussion should be useful to those planning, implementing, and managing survey activities in support of regional assessments of other environmental concerns, who are likely to face similar choices and constraints.     

SPREADSHEET WATERSHED MODELING FOR NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT IN A WISCONSIN BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Although several sophisticated nonpoint pollution models exist, few are available that are easy to use, cover a variety of conditions, and integrate a wide range of information to allow managers and planners to assess different control strategies. Here, a straightforward pollutant input accounting approach is presented in the form of an existing model (WATERSHED) that has been adapted to run on modern electronic spreadsheets. As an application, WATERSHED is used to assess options to improve the quality of highly eutrophic Delavan Lake in Wisconsin. WATERSHED is flexible in that several techniques, such as the Universal Soil Loss Equation or unit-area loadings, can be used to estimate nonpoint-source inputs. Once the model parameters are determined (and calibrated, if possible), the spreadsheet features can be used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of management options. In the case of Delavan Lake, it was concluded that, although some nonpoint controls were cost-effective, the overall reduction in phosphorus would be insufficient to measurably improve water quality.     

On the transmission of the effects of monetary policy to the regions

In the paper the theoretical framework is that of credit rationing theory, the regional differences being examined in terms of both financial markets and the real economy. Empirically the focus is upon regional trends in market conditions and the timelags experienced in the effects of monetary policies in two different regions. The period of time examined is from 1970 to 1978, the changes in the marginal interest on central bank credit issued to the commercial banks being taken as the indicator of monetary policy and data on employment opportunities vacant in the regions as representing market conditions and the delay‐effects of monetary policy. The methods used are those of cross‐correlation analysis.