新乡市农村浅层地下水健康危害及污染源识别

应用健康风险评价模型和多元统计方法,对河南省新乡市农村地区浅层地下水2015年11月的水质数据(30眼地下水监测井,15个水质指标)进行分析,评估了对当地农村人口造成的健康风险,探索污染物的空间分异特征,并识别对应污染源。结果表明:30眼监测井的Cr6+、Pb、Cd、Hg、As指标均满足Ⅲ类地下水水质标准,但有29眼监测井存在超标因子,浅层地下水污染形势严峻;污染物通过饮水途径所致健康风险均大于可接受风险水平(1×10-6),浅层地下水不适宜直接饮用;监测井可以划分为A组、B组、C组,A组水体受到原生地质污染、营养污染和盐类污染的共同影响,B组受有机污染、盐类污染影响,C组受原生地质污染、盐类污染、营养污染、有机污染的多重作用。     

一次以南京为中心的夏季PM_(2.5)污染岛污染事件的数值模拟

2013年6月23~24日南京及其周边地区发生了一次小范围、突发性的气溶胶污染事件,PM_(2.5)的平均浓度达到242μg/m3,在夏季比较少见.本文利用WRF-chem模式对该PM_(2.5)污染事件进行模拟,通过对模式结果进行分析表明:此次污染事件与天气形势和边界层结构有着直接联系.此次污染发生时江淮地区正处于梅雨时节,南京及其周边地区处于江淮低空切变线上,切变线附近有辐合的流场,东部上游排放源的贡献和南京本地的静稳风场导致污染物在南京堆积.污染期间有比平时更强的气粒转化过程,23日PM_(2.5)浓度受到SO2减半的影响,浓度减少量为9.8%,受NOx减半影响的减少量为7.3%.污染发生期间南京地区上空温度垂直梯度较小,温度层结不利于污染物的垂直扩散,边界层高度较低,低层大气湍流活动较弱,垂直高度上的稳定层结也为污染物集聚提供了条件.     

结合GIS数据对合肥市大气污染状况的初步数值模拟研究

应用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模式结合地理信息系统(GIS),数值模拟研究了合肥市大气污染状况.在排放处理过程中,安徽省统计类面源排放采用GIS工具进行空间分配,并收集重点企业排放数据,以点源形式导入数值模型中,驱动多尺度空气质量模式CMAQ模拟合肥2014年12月大气污染现状.结合合肥市环境空气质量站点PM_(2.5)、NO_2日均浓度和小时浓度对比验证表明:1采用GIS数据空间优化获得的统计类排放面源较合理地呈现相关联排放的地理特征.2当前模式系统可以较好地模拟出2014年12月合肥市PM_(2.5)污染物变化特征,尤其是12月20日—26日PM_(2.5)污染累积和消散过程,站点的模拟实测两倍因子在63%~77%之间,合理反映出当月合肥市区PM_(2.5)污染状况.3模式对于NO_2模拟,在部分区域具有较好的模拟效果,但在部分区域模式只能模拟出NO_2大致变化趋势;所有有效站点的比对结果平均偏差为21.92μg·m~(-3),整体存在偏高现象;有40%站点FAC2在73%~88%之间,除个别观测数据异常较多站点外,其他站点FAC2在50%左右,这种差异是由于模式网格分辨率较低、排放源分配及站点选取引起的.     

重庆主城区PM2.5中羧酸的季节变化和来源分析

本文针对重庆主城区4个采样点PM2.5中羧酸开展研究,通过GC-MS分析,定量分析了16种饱和脂肪酸、21种不饱和脂肪酸和8种二元羧酸等多种物质的浓度水平,进而对羧酸的季节变化及来源进行了探讨.羧酸日均总浓度为130.42~1953.79 ng·m~(-3),一元脂肪酸和二元羧酸在各采样点浓度差异显著.一元脂肪酸呈明显的季节变化,夏季最高(961.97 ng·m~(-3)),冬季最低(49.24 ng·m~(-3)).饱和脂肪酸中偶数碳优势明显,以C_(16)(棕榈酸)和C_(18)(硬脂酸)最为丰富.二元羧酸也呈明显的季节变化,在冬季最高(432.04 ng·m~(-3)),春季最低(64.57 ng·m~(-3)).二元羧酸以丙二酸、丁二酸和戊二酸为主.细菌活动和烹饪油烟对一元脂肪酸具有较大的贡献,光化学氧化作用则对二元羧酸贡献较大.     

聚碳酸酯在不同试验方式下的光老化行为研究

目的研究不同试验方式下聚碳酸酯的光老化行为。方法对比聚碳酸酯在自然暴露试验、自然加速光老化试验及实验室光源暴露试验中的缺口冲击强度变化,分析各种加速试验方式对自然暴露试验的模拟性。结果聚碳酸酯在拉萨户外自然暴露中,其缺口冲击强度随试验时间的延长而降低。单轴跟踪暴露和跟踪太阳反射聚能暴露这两种自然加速光老化试验方式对户外自然暴露的模拟性均较好,加速倍率分别约为1.5,6。氙弧灯下的暴露试验对自然暴露试验的模拟性比紫外冷荧灯、金属卤素灯高。结论跟踪太阳反射聚能暴露、氙弧灯下暴露可推荐为评价聚碳酸酯光老化行为的加速试验方式。     

基于灰色-物元模型的煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估

为了明确风险因素间的作用路径并提出科学可行的瓦斯爆炸灾害风险评估方法,首先基于3类危险源理论梳理分析以往典型瓦斯爆炸案例,识别并提取14个影响因素;然后通过集成灰色系统理论和物元可拓模型,构建灰色-物元评估模型;最后以山西省某煤矿的实际调研数据为例,计算各影响因素的权重和关联函数,梳理风险因素致灾的逻辑关系,得出该矿井2个具体工作面的瓦斯爆炸风险等级。研究表明:1号工作面中的平均瓦斯涌出量、煤尘爆炸指数、采掘机械化水平与2号工作面中的瓦斯体积分数均处于较不安全级别,2个工作面的综合风险等级分别为一般安全与较安全级别。     

近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化特征的遥感分析

使用自20世纪70年代末~2004年的3期遥感图像(70sMSS、90sTM和2004年TM/ETM),研究了近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化的格局与过程,结果表明:整个研究时段内,草地退化发生面积占总草地面积的10%左右,且以草地覆盖度轻度下降为主,其退化面积占总草地退化面积的80%以上,其次是轻度沙化/盐化,相应比重占10%以上。草地退化面积呈东南向西北减少趋势,退化程度呈东南向西北降低格局,而退化类型也由复合型向单一型过渡。整个时段内,草地退化面积呈增加趋势,尤其是沙化面积增加较快。不同海拔、坡度和坡向间草地退化面积差异显著。海拔4 800~5 100m范围内为草地退化发生的主要分布区,4 500~4 800m和5 100m以上草地退化基本相当。退化率较高的坡度级别介于2~8°之间,类似于草地面积随坡度变化的基本趋势。不同坡向呈阴坡、半阴半阳坡高于阳坡的态势。脆弱的基底、极端气候年际间周期波动等限制性因子控制着草地退化的基本格局,人为扰动则决定草地退化的强度和速度。总体看来,研究区地带性自然条件决定的荒漠化草地已占据主导地位,人类活动相对较弱,草地退化程度增加趋势不明显,新的草地退化现象不十分突出。     

Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay

The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the wodd; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference （P 〈 0.01） was observed when compared with the solvent control, The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks （at town level） was the most serious, the arbitrary units （AU） was 141.62±6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks （at city level） was only 109.64±2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town＇s water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.     

Regional news portrayals of global warming and climate change

In this study we utilize content analysis techniques to examine how the issue of global warming and climate change has been characterized during the period of 1992 through 2005 by the Houston Chronicle—the largest regional newspaper in the Texas coastal region. A total of 795 global warming and climate change news articles from the Houston Chronicle are collected, coded and analyzed. Data analyses are organized and presented with regard to issue salience, various issue attributes (issue image, scope, linkage, participant, proposed solution and responsible party), use of science, and scientific information sources cited in the news stories. We find that regional media attention to the global climate change issue generally increases over time and an overwhelming majority of the news articles view the issue as a harmful problem. However, given the scientific consensus that global warming will result in significant devastating climate change consequences to the coastal regions, there are still a fair number of news articles delivering mixed, undetermined or even non-harmful messages. We also find that climate change is often discussed as a national or international-global issue, and frequently linked to a number of other public issues rather than just being viewed as an environmental–ecological problem. Moreover, we find that emphasis on issue solutions is placed more on mitigation strategies than on adaptation behaviors, and that both governmental and non-governmental actions and responsibilities are suggested for dealing with climate change. In addition, our findings indicate that the regional newspaper in Texas obtains scientific information on climate change primarily from academic institutions. Implications of our findings and recommendations for future research are discussed in the concluding section.     

大型水面舰船目标雷达波散射特征分析

针对大型水面舰船超电大尺度和复杂外形结构特点,论述了大型水面舰船的雷达波散射机制,结合电磁理论,对大型水面舰船的各类散射源进行了结构划分,并运用现代计算电磁学和计算机图形学,计算分析了典型大型水面舰船的雷达波散射特征及各主要结构对全舰RCS的影响.结果表明,大型水面舰船上层建筑的平面直反射和面与面之间的多次散射是主要散射源.