乡镇企业发展中的环境问题及法律对策

文章提出了乡镇企业在迅速发展的同时，带来的严重的环境问题，从企业的外部不经济性、布局和产业结构的不合理性、生产手段的落后、立法的不完善及执法的不力等几个方面论述了产生问题的背景原因，探讨了相应的法律对策，要求加强建立我国乡镇企业环境管理地方性立法工作，并在立法中明确排污费的使用，企业产权关系，排污交易制度及环境损害责任保险制度等内容。     

论自创生的环境法律系统

法律是自我关联的自创生系统，并且法律的发展也是法律与外界系统以及社会及其他社会子系统之间的共同进化。自创生法律系统为环境法律体系提供了一个可行的理论支持，现实中，环境法律系统对自己的现实建构来源于他自身的基本循环法律理念的法律学说、体现在保留、克服、增益、前进的自创生法律过程与循环型的法律秩序、完成于法律行为与法律规范构建。     

在《刑法》中确立污染环境罪的思考

对那些严重污染环境的行为处以刑罚,严厉打击一切严重污染环境的单位和个人是加强环境法制的一个有效手段,我国应完善污染环境者的刑事责任,在《刑法》中明确规定污染环境罪,明确污染环境罪的罪名及其犯罪构成。     

The rise and fall of the nature conservation movement in Japan in relation to some cultural values

The Japanese are traditionally regarded as nature-loving people, living in “harmony” with nature. However, this assumption is difficult to accept when observing the environmental problems in Japan. How can one explain the incongruities? Has the Japanese people's attitude toward nature changed as Japan has modernized? Is the concept of the nature-loving Japanese merely a myth? Is there another reason to explain this contradiction? This study shows political and economic origins of the paradox. The origin of the Japanese traditional idea of nature is fear and reverence of nature based on a primitive religion that developed in a rural subsistence living situation. Aesthetic and spiritual values of nature for cultural, educational, and intellectual entertainment were developed by the ruling class in the seventh century. Japan's first nature conservation movement, imported from the West, developed among the intellectual community and was advocated and promoted by the elite in the Meiji period (1868–1911). However, because deep commitment was lacking, the movement was abused by the military government before World War II. In the early 1970s the nature conservation movement seemed to be on the ascendancy, mainly because it was combined with the antipollution movement claiming the basic rights of survival. The Japanese nature conservation movement is still in the embryonic stage; in the future, the blending of some traditional resource management with the scientific philosophy of nature conservation may help promote the new wave of nature conservation in Japan.     

The eclipse of NEPA as Environmental Policy

Previous evaluations of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) have focused on the effectiveness of its procedural requirements in improving the quality of decision making with respect to environmental matters. Subsequent growth of other environmental regulation and the changing role of Environmental Impact Statements in the decision-making process should also be considered. The many federal and state environmental laws passed in the 1970s have, by defining the nature and acceptability of environmental impact and prohibiting unacceptable impacts, superseded the substantive role of NEPA in environmental protection. Although the EIS continues to serve as a focus for public debate regarding proposed government actions, such debates usually center around social or economic rather than environmental issues. NEPA has thus been superseded by other environmental laws, and its role in the decision-making process today has little relation to its earlier environmental significance.     

Release of deposited MnO2 nanoparticles from aqueous surfaces

Changes in solution chemistry and transport conditions can lead to the release of deposited MnO₂ nanoparticles from a solid interface, allowing them to re-enter the aqueous environment. Understanding the release behavior of MnO₂ nanoparticles from naturally occurring surfaces is critical for better prediction of the transport potential and environmental fate of MnO₂ nanoparticles. In this study, the release of MnO₂ nanoparticles was investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), and different environmental surface types, solution pH values and representative macromolecular organics were considered. MnO₂ nanoparticles were first deposited on crystal sensors at elevated NaNO₃ concentrations before being rinsed with double-deionized water to induce their remobilization. The results reveal that the release rate of MnO₂ depends on the surface type, in the decreasing order: SiO₂ > Fe₃O₄ > Al₂O₃, resulting from electrostatic interactions between the surface and particles. Moreover, differences in solution pH can lead to variance in the release behavior of MnO₂ nanoparticles. The release rate from surfaces was significantly higher at pH 9.8 that at 4.5, indicating that alkaline conditions were more favorable for the mobilization of MnO₂ in the aquatic environment. In the presence of macromolecular organics, bovine serum albumin (BSA) can inhibit the release of MnO₂ from the surfaces due to attractive forces. In presence of humic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA), the MnO₂ nanoparticles were more likely to be mobile, which may be associated with a large repulsive barrier imparted by steric effects.     

The effect of low-molecular-weight organic-acids (LMWOAs) on treatment of chromium-contaminated soils by compost-phytoremediation: Kinetics of the chromium release and fractionation

A soil–plant biological system was developed from chromium(Cr) polluted soil treated by the compost-phytoremediation method. The transformation and migration of the Cr in this system is comprehensively studied in this research. The results illustrated that the co-composting treatment can reduce the Cr availability from 39%(F1 was about 31% of total, F2 was about 8% of total) to less than 2% by stabilizing the Cr. However, herbaceous plants can accumulate the concentrations of Cr from 113.8 to 265.2 mg/kg in the two crops,even though the concentration of soluble Cr in the substrate soil was below 0.1 mg/L.Cr can be assimilated and easily transferred in the tissues of plants because the lowmolecular-weight organic-acids(LMWOAs) derived from the plant root increase the bioavailability of Cr. The amount of extracted Cr dramatically increased when the organic acids were substituted in this order: citric acid malic acid tartaric acid oxalic acid acetic acid. On average the maximum(147.4 mg/kg) and the minimum(78.75 mg/kg) Cr were extracted by 20 mmol/L citric acid and acetic acid, respectively. The desorption of Cr in different acid solutions can be predicted by the pseudo second-order kinetics. The exchangeable Cr, carbonate-bound Cr, and residual Cr decreased, while Fe–Mn oxide bound Cr and organic bound Cr increased in the soil solid phase. According to the experimental results, the organic acids will promote the desorption and chelation processes of Cr, leading to the remobilization of Cr in the soil.     

论公众参与环境保护的制度化

公众参与是搞好我国环境保护工作的重要途径之一,但我国有关法律对公众参与环境保护既无明确的法律依据,又无制度化的具体保障,使得公众无法有效地参与。本文从确认公民环境权、环境自卫权和提高环境意识以及规定公众参与环境保护的具体形式和途径等方面,阐述了实现公众参与环境保护的制度化。     

内蒙古毛乌素沙地近年荒漠化动态研究

毛乌素沙地是我国西北地区面积较大的沙地,本文利用2000年和2005年的LANSAT TM影像图,结合野外实地调研,运用常规方法深入分析研究研究区的近5年的荒漠化动态变化,阐明变化原因,最后提出相应的生态环境保护建议。     

法国公众参与环境保护原则的实施及其对我国的借鉴

对法国公众参与环境保护制度中的主体、程序保障进行了阐述,借鉴其优点,对我国《环境保护法》修改中公众参与制度的完善提出了若干建议。