Marine mineral resources: Effect of the low of the sea convention

The degree of security of investment afforded by the applicable legal regime is one of the most important factors affecting minerals projects. This article outlines the deep-sea mining regime contained in the recently adopted Law of the Sea Convention. A history of subsea mining, including petroleum mining, is presented and the events leading to adoption of the Convention are described. Those parts of the Convention relating to deep-sea mining are analysed, and the International Sea-Bed Authority is examined. It is concluded that deep-sea mining on a commercial scale is unlikely before the end of the decade.     

Relief workers and violations of humanitarian law: Some legal considerations

This paper examines the various legal constraints upon action by relief workers when faced with violations of human rights or of humanitarian law. The unique status of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and its delegates is explained and contrasted with the position of relief organizations and their personnel under the Geneva Conventions 1949 and their Additional Protocol I 1977. Proposals are made for the establishment of guidelines for action by relief workers when confronted with atrocities and for the training of relief workers in the relevant laws and procedures.     

Release kinetics of vanadium from vanadium titano-magnetite: The effects of pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature andforeign ions

As part of a broader study of the environmental geochemistry behavior of vanadium(V), the release kinetics of V from the dissolution of natural vanadium titano-magnetite under environmentally relevant conditions was investigated. In both the acidic and basic domains, the V release rate was found to be proportional to fractional powers of hydrogen ion and dissolved oxygen activities. The dependence of the rate on dissolved oxygen can also be described in terms of the Langmuir adsorption model. The empirical rate equation is given by: r= k′α(H~+)~α(Kα(O_2))/(1+Kα(O_2)) where, α = 0.099–0.265, k′ = 3.2 × 10~(-6)–1.7 × 10~(-5), K =2.7 × 10~4–3.9 × 10~4 mol/L in acid solution(pH 4.1), and α =-0.494-(-0.527), k′ = 2.0 × 10~4–2.5 × 10~(-11), and K = 4.1 × 10~3–6.5 × 10~3 mol/L in basic solution(pH 8.8) at 20°C. Based on the effect of temperature on the release rate of V, the activation energies of minerals at p H 8.8 were determined to be 148–235 k J/mol, suggesting that the dissolution of vanadium titano-magnetite is a surface-controlled process. The presence of Na~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), K~+, NO_3~-, Cl~-, SO_4~(2-)and CO_3~(2-)was found to accelerate the V release rates. This study improves the understanding of both the V pollution risk in some mine areas and the fate of V in the environment.     

现行环境保护法的环境保护监督管理体制的适应性

本文对我国现行《中华人民共和国环境地》的环境保护监督管理体制是否适应新时期的要求进行了评述，提出了三项存在的不足，并对怎样弥被现行环境体制的缺陷提出一些见解。     

Integrated-signal-based leak location method for liquid pipelines

Leaks in pipelines can cause major incidents resulting in both human injuries and financial losses. Among the considerable leak detection and location methods, the Negative Pressure Wave (NPW) based method has been widely used in locating leaks in liquid pipelines. The NPW based method only monitors the pressure changes at two ends of a pipeline. But the pressure is apt to be fixed by the end equipment and the change of it induced by a small or slow leakage is too small to be detected, which limit the application of the NPW based method in these situations. This paper presents a novel leak location method based on integrated signal, which is a combination of the pressure and flow rate signals. The representation of the integrated signal is derived from the transient analysis of the leakage. For the change of the integrated signal induced by a leakage is larger than the pressure change and it is also unaffected by the end equipment, the proposed method can be used to detect and locate small or slow leakage in a pipeline and can also be used in pipelines which end pressures are fixed by some kinds of equipment. The validation of the proposed method also confirms its advantages.     

试述《野生动物保护法》的修改

《野生动物保护法》施行三十余年,对于促进野生动物保护起着至关重要的作用.然而,在新冠肺炎疫情的冲击下,其中的部分内容显露出不足,全国人大常委会出台的《决定》可以应一时之急,但最根本的办法是对《野生动物保护法》进行修改.通过对现行法律的考察,检视《野生动物保护法》在立法理念、监管职能以及法律责任等方面存在的问题,并提出相...     

论修订后《大气污染防治法》对环境监测的要求

2000年4月再次修订后的《大气污染防治法》对原有法律条款的内容作了重大修改。其重点是抓重点城市的大气污染防治、确定了大气污染物排放总量控制和许可证制度、加强机动车污染防治和城市扬尘的控制力度、强化法律责任等方面。作为环境管理组成部分的环境监测工作，要认真覆行新《大气法》赋予的法律职责，为环境执法提供技术支持。     

Evaluation of gas release rate through holes in pipelines

A mathematical model of an accidental gas release in a long transmission pipeline is presented in terms of computational fluid mechanics. It was found that the hole model is suitable for the release of gas through a small hole, while the pipe model is suitable for the gas release through a hole corresponding to the complete breaking of the pipe. In this paper, a new model was proposed for a hole that lies between both these situations. The results of the example show that when the initial inside pressure is higher than 1.5 MPA, the mass of gas released during the sonic flow is more than 90% of the total mass of gas released. The average release rate of the total release process could be substituted by the average release rate of the sonic flow, or by 30% of the initial release rate. This approximation would become more accurate with the increase in the initial inside pressure.     

基于模块化教学的《环境法实务》课程设计

环境法课程教学中存在低效且脱离职业岗位需求的困境,而模块化教学是提高《环境法实务》教学效果并切合职业岗位需求的有效途径。详细阐述了《环境法实务》课程模块化设计的理念、思路以及具体的实施路径,包括课程内容的模块化设置、学法与教法的模块化构建以及成绩评定的模块化构建。