降低蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的途径及其机制

蔬菜是一种喜硝,富氮的作物,所以蔬菜中硝酸盐含量较高。目前,由于偏施大量氮肥,造成蔬菜,特别是叶菜内硝酸盐含量大大超过健康标准。因此在保证高产的前提下,降低硝酸盐含量,提高品质,是迫切需要解决的问题。大量的研究表明,影响蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的因素既有内部的（品种等）,也有外部的（肥料,光照等）。本文对降低蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的途径及其机制作一综述。     

难生物降解的呋吗唑酮模拟废水臭氧氧化的降解机理

采用臭氧氧化法对模拟废水中难生物降解的呋吗唑酮 (FTD)进行降解实验研究 ,藉助UV VIS ,IR ,1 H NMR谱图对反应机理进行了初步探讨 .研究表明 ,pH值显著影响臭氧氧化的反应机理 :酸性条件下 ,臭氧以自身氧化为主 ,可迅速破坏FTD分子的共轭结构 ,但氧化不彻底 ;只有在强碱性条件下且保持臭氧氧化始终以·OH自由基反应为主时 ,方能高效地对FTD分子及中间体进行取代、开环、破坏和氧化 ,生成二氧化碳、水、无机氮及少量残余甲醛、草酸和低级脂肪酸 ,持续反应可完全矿化 .     

MgAl型层状化合物对六价铬的吸附性能

尿素-水热法制备层状双金属氢氧化物MgAl-LDH,系统考察了焙烧温度、pH值、初始Cr（VI）浓度、吸附时间和吸附温度对样品的吸附性能的影响。并对其吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理进行研究。采用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）对吸附Cr（VI）前后的MgAl-LDH进行表征。MgAl-LDH的最佳吸附条件为pH=2.5,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型,最大吸附容量为105.15 mg·g-1,其对Cr（VI）的吸附为放热过程,并遵守准二级动力学模型,化学吸附为主导。MgAl-LDH对Cr（VI）的吸附主要在酸性条件下进行,吸附机理主要为静电作用和离子交换：在酸性条件下,MgAl-LDH表面带正电荷,并通过静电作用吸附Cr（VI）阴离子,同时MgAl-LDH的层间CO32-和NO3-与溶液中的Cr（VI）阴离子进行离子交换。     

汞、镉、铅、砷单一和混合暴露的毒性效应及机理研究进展

汞、镉、铅和砷是自然界中毒性较强的金属,镉和砷已确定为致癌物,汞和铅为可能致癌物。人类活动过程的排放是汞、镉、铅和砷的主要污染来源,由这些金属污染物暴露导致的人类疾病已经引起了公众的广泛关注。研究汞、镉、铅和砷在环境中实际暴露水平,尤其是汞、镉、铅和砷复合暴露对人体健康和生态环境影响及毒性效应的机理极为重要。根据暴露途径、暴露剂量和暴露时间,汞、镉、铅和砷具有不同的代谢途径,产生不同的毒性效应,具有不同的毒性效应机理。在总结现有汞、镉、铅、砷单一和混合暴露的健康损害及毒性效应的基础上,回顾、归纳汞、镉、铅和砷诱导产生毒性效应的机理,讨论基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组学等技术在汞、镉、铅和砷单一、混合毒性效应及机理研究中的应用并探讨 来的研究方向。     

不同粒度锡采矿废石重金属淋溶规律及影响机制

采用广西某锡矿不同粒度采矿废石进行模拟酸雨动态淋溶试验,研究了不同粒度锡采矿废石的淋溶规律,结果表明,淋溶前期,废石溶出重金属浓度呈上升趋势,Pb、Zn溶出浓度表现出中粒度>细粒度>粗粒度,As溶出浓度最高为0.12mg/L,表现为细粒度>中粒度>粗粒度;淋溶中后期,废石溶出重金属浓度呈平缓甚至缓慢下降趋势,3种重金属溶出规律均表现为细粒度>中粒度>粗粒度, Pb、Zn、As最高溶出浓度分别为0.91,1.05,0.12mg/L.研究了重金属溶出动力学并运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱仪、比表面积及孔径分布仪和化学测试等手段分析得出了锡采矿废石淋溶影响机制,淋溶前期主要受粒度影响,溶质以对流运移为主;淋溶后期受粒度、空隙率、比表面积、表面结构和形态分布等多重因素影响,溶质以对流运移和分子扩散综合影响为主.本研究方法及结论可为废石重金属防控和监管提供理论依据.     

国家公园建设背景下的公益型保护地研究进展

当前我国自然保护地体系改革正处于关键时期,公益型保护地是一种利用社会公益力量,由政府监督、民间管理并协调保护与发展的新型保护地模式。该模式注重社会公益力量在自然保护地建设中的作用,能够补充已有保护地资金、技术和人力的不足,填补了我国目前保护地体系的空缺。本文论述了国家公园建设背景下的公益保护地的内涵,分析了当前公益保护地的特征,讨论了国内外公益型保护地的运营管理机制,包括土地权利的获得、基于协议保护机制的保护地运营、特许经营在保护地的实施和社区保护模式的成功经验。今后我国公益型保护地的建设应鼓励公益组织与民间力量参与,在管理理念上应坚持保护第一和公益性,促进管理体制转变和科学划定界限,并完善公益组织参与保护地建设的激励和监督机制。     

Diphenylarsinic acid sorption mechanisms in soils using batch experiments and EXAFS spectroscopy

• DPAA sorption data was found to fit the Freundlich equation. • K_f was significantly positive correlated with oxalate-extractable Fe₂O₃. • Ligand exchange was the main mechanism for DPAA sorption on soils. • Bidentate binuclear and monodentate mononuclear DPAA bonds were identified. Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is a phenyl arsenic compound derived from chemical warfare weapons. Macroscopic and microscopic work on DPAA sorption will provide useful information in predicting the partitioning and mobility of DPAA in the soil-water environment. Here, batch experiments and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy were used to investigate the sorption mechanisms of DPAA. The DPAA sorption data from 11 soil types was found to fit the Freundlich equation, and the sorption capacity, K_f, was significantly and positively correlated with oxalate-extractable Fe₂O₃. The K_f values of eight of the 11 untreated soils (1.51–113.04) significantly decreased upon removal of amorphous metal (hydr)oxides (0.51–13.37). When both amorphous and crystalline metal (hydr)oxides were removed from the untreated soils, the K_f values either decreased or slightly increased (0.65–3.09). Subsequent removal of soil organic matter from these amorphous and crystalline metal (hydr)oxide-depleted samples led to further decreases in K_f to 0.02–1.38, with only one exception (Sulfic Aquic-Orthic Halosols). These findings strongly suggest that ligand exchange reactions with amorphous metal (hydr)oxides contribute most to DPAA sorption on soils. EXAFS data provide further evidence that DPAA primarily formed bidentate binuclear (²C) and monodentate mononuclear (¹V) coring-sharing complexes with As-Fe distances of 3.34 and 3.66 Å, respectively, on Fe (hydr)oxides. Comparison of these results with earlier studies suggests that ²C and ¹V complexes of DPAA may be favored under low and high surface coverages, respectively, with the formation of ¹V bonds possibly conserving the sorption sites or decreasing the steric hindrance derived from phenyl substituents.     

The coupling of sand with ZVI/oxidants achieved proportional and highly efficient removal of arsenic

• Simply doping sands with ZVI achieved an even activation of ZVI by oxidants. • Sand doping facilitated proportional As trapping along the ZVI/oxidants column. • ZVI/sand/oxidants are highly efficient for arsenic removal. • ZVI/sand/oxidants reduced significantly the Fe²⁺ leaching and effluent turbidity. • More than 54% of arsenic was reduced to As(III) in ZVI/sand/oxidants system. The coupling of zero-valent iron (ZVI) with common oxidants has recently achieved very rapid and highly efficient removal of Heavy metals from wastewater. However, the uniform activation of ZVI throughout the column and the proportional removal of target contaminants are urgently required for the prevention of premature filter clogging and the extension of the effective column operational time. In this study, we successfully achieved this objective by simply doping granular sand with ZVI at appropriate weight ratios. When pure ZVI packed column was spiked with oxidants, the majority of As trapping occurred between the column inlet and the first sampling point. In a packed column with a 1:20 mixture of ZVI and sand, the average As removal efficiency was 36 (1st), 13.1 (2nd), 18.5 (3rd), 19.2 (4th) and 5.9% (5th outlet). The overall arsenic removal performance of the composite filling system of ZVI/sand was equally as efficient as that of the previous pure ZVI-packed system. Moreover, the leaching of Fe was significantly reduced with an increased sand ratio, resulting in clearer water with less turbidity. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated that more than 54% of the arsenic was reduced to As(III). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the extensive corrosion of the ZVI surface, which resulted in various species of iron oxyhydroxides responsible for the highly efficient sequester of arsenic through reduction, adsorption, and coprecipitation.     

不同阳离子聚丙烯酰胺有机脱水剂对污泥脱水性能的影响

为了研究不同阳离子聚丙烯酰胺有机脱水剂对污泥脱水性能的影响,选用市售同系列不同性质的8种阳离子聚丙烯酰胺,基于其阳离子度的不同,名称分别为9101、 9102、 9103、 9104、 9106、 9108、 9110和9112,采用仪器和化学分析手段对其性质进行表征,并研究分析处理后污泥各项指标的变化情况.结果表明,8种有机脱水剂的性质各不相同,电荷密度、阳离子度、黏度和Zeta电位具有类似的变化趋势,均为从9101～9112,上述各项指标值逐渐增加,9112的上述4种指标分别高达2.98 meq·L^-1、 17.42%、 85.07 mPa·s和67.10 mV.在污泥脱水过程中,有机脱水剂可通过改变污泥比阻（SRF）、絮体特性、黏度、污泥颗粒表面Zeta电位、结合水含量和胞外聚合物（EPS）的分布来改善污泥脱水性能.有机脱水剂性质与污泥脱水性能的关系研究结果表明,有机脱水剂的黏度、电荷密度、阳离子度和Zeta电位对污泥的脱水性能有较大影响,其中污泥的SRF与有机脱水剂的黏度呈负相关,其相关系数高达0.920 25,表明在污泥脱水处理中,有机脱水剂主要通过高的...     

中国环境基准理论与方法学研究进展及主要科学问题

环境基准是指环境介质中的环境要素对特定保护对象不产生不良或有害效应的最大限值,是环境标准制修订的科学依据。环境基准理论与方法学一直是国际环境科学和环境保护科学研究领域的前沿,也是国家环境管理的重大科技需求。本文在总结国际和我国环境基准研究成果的基础上,较为系统地阐述了环境基准的基本概况、理论方法学及重要进展。同时,结合学科特点和环境基准科技需求,综合分析了与环境基准理论方法学密切相关的系列关键科学问题。