LLE-GC-MS法测定水中27种有机农药

建立了同时测定水中27种有机农药的LLE-GC-MS法。该法前处理前需调节水样pH值2,不加甲醇作为改性剂,以1:1(V/V)正己烷-石油醚为萃取溶剂进行液液萃取,GC-MS法进行检测。方法在各目标化合物质量浓度0.010~0.500 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R2均0.995,检出限为0.021~0.250μg/L,加标回收率为73.6%~113.6%,相对标准偏差RSD为4.0%~14.1%,适用于水中27种有机农药的检测。     

Validation of the UN criteria for the uncooled sea transport of liquid organic peroxides: Full-scale test and modeling

In the years 1987 and 1988 TNO and Akzo Nobel investigated the thermal safety of non-temperature-controlled sea transport of organic peroxides, by modeling and experimenting on several scales. A full-scale test was organised in the summer of 1989, in co-operation with the former Nedlloyd company, in which a sea container with palletised packages, filled with soybean oil as inert liquid and fully equipped with temperature measuring equipment, was transported from Rotterdam, The Netherlands, to Beira, Mozambique, and back. The trip took 2 months.To answer questions stated by the workgroup International Group of Experts on the Explosion Risk of Unstable Substances—subgroup on Energetic and Oxidising Substance (IGUS-EOS) during its meeting in Washington, DC, USA, April 2006, the original data of the sea-container trip were reviewed and applied in a new mathematical model of the sea-container filled with packages, and traveling through tropical sea areas.Analysis of the data from the full-scale test led to defining a worst combination of adverse temperature conditions: constant dead sailing of the wind (wind direction and speed equal to that of the ship), and sunny weather 12 h/day and a mean ambient temperature of 30 °C during 28 days.The effect of sunny weather was put into the model by assigning 24 h averaged excess temperatures to the sun-exposed surfaces. New simulations showed no runaway for the sea container, if filled with an organic peroxide having an self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of exactly 55 °C.The exaggerated worst case with an improbable mean ambient temperature of 33 °C also does not lead to a runaway.Therefore, the UN criteria for temperature control for organic peroxides are appropriate.     

煤气吹脱解吸法处理含氨废水中氨氮的研究

主要采用"煤气吹脱解吸法"对焦化厂含氨废水中氨氮进行吹脱解吸的优选实验研究。实验的最佳反应条件为:T=80℃,pH=10.2,Q=5L/min(气液比为1500∶1),t=120min,C=0~25 mg/L。处理后废氨水中氨氮脱除率达到96%以上,取得了满意的效果,同时氰、酚和COD也都不同程度地被脱除。经生化处理后,氨氮含量可达到国家排放标准。     

When do environmental regulations backfire? Onsite industrial electricity generation,energy efficiency and policy instruments

More than half of all energy produced by electric utilities is lost in the form of waste heat. However, when manufacturing facilities choose to produce their own electricity, this waste heat is captured by Combined Heating and Power (CHP) technologies and used in the production process. As a result, manufacturers' pollution footprint can be dramatically reduced by choosing to produce electricity onsite rather than purchasing it from a utility. This paper uses Census microdata to study manufacturers’ decision to produce electricity onsite and examines how plants adjust onsite generation when they are subject to environmental regulations. Environmental regulations will backfire if they cause manufacturers to produce less electricity onsite and shift to electricity from less efficient, offsite electric utilities. We find that manufacturing plants subject to NOx command-and-control regulations decrease onsite electricity generation, increase electricity purchases from off-site utilities and see declines in their energy efficiency. However, manufacturers subject to cap-and-trade see no decline in onsite generation and experience improvements in energy efficiency. These findings demonstrate the importance of instrument selection and identify a new pathway through which emissions leakage may occur.     

Influence of the elastic behaviour of liquids on transient flow from pressurised containments

Release of liquids from vessels and pipelines is a very important scenario in consequence assessment. When the operating pressure is significant, its evolution and the corresponding discharge rate are affected by the elastic behaviour of the liquid. Bulk modulus is the key-driver of the related fluid-dynamics and is expected to govern the elastic-to-atmospheric pressure transition. Despite the well known physical background, the availability of release models relevant to the elastic phase is rather poor, compared to those relevant to vapours, gases and atmospheric liquids. On the other hand, if the operating pressure is high, release times and dynamics are expected to be strongly affected by the elastic behaviour and prediction of release time and flow rate is fundamental. This article carries outs a general analysis of the elastic behaviour of liquids, including water and hydrocarbons. Lumped (vessel-type) and distributed (pipeline) parameters systems have been modelled with the aim to characterize the pressure evolution during the elastic phase and to evaluate the significance of the associated duration. The findings have shown that, depending on pressure and geometric features, the importance of the elastic phase is high and that the availability of reliable and relatively simple models could be beneficial in consequence assessment. The approach is strictly valid for non-boiling liquid, but accounting for vaporisation of flashing or boiling liquids such as LPG and LNG would not imply significant complications.     

汽车后桥壳的液压胀形工艺及模具设计

汽车后桥壳主要由冲压—焊接和铸造这两种工艺方法生产而成.此文讨论了一种新型的汽车后桥壳生产工艺,轴向加压的液压胀形法,并讨论了它的工艺制定及模具设计的一些基本方法,对汽车后轿壳的液压胀形工艺的进一步完善和发展提供了一定的基础.最后,还推测了液压胀形这种新型的工艺方法和发展方向.     

液体储罐无组织排放估算方法

无组织排放量是环境影响评价中计算和确定卫生防护距离的重要因素。储罐的无组织排放来自于“小呼吸”损耗和“大呼吸”损耗。介绍了几种石油化工环境影响评价工作中应用的储罐无组织排放估算方法和计算机辅助计算方法。     

液膜法处理氨氮废水工艺条件研究

采用液膜法处理低浓度氨氮废水,处理后出水中NH_3-N为1mg/L以下,SS、pH、COD均达到工业废水排放标准。对液膜组成及用量,膜增强剂选用,外相废水pH选择等工艺条件及其组合效果进行民试验,结果确定以20％硫酸为内相,6％Span-80 11％液体石蜡 煤油为液膜组成、pH9.0～9.5废水为外相的处理体系,能达到最佳处理效果。     

黄铜药筒盂坯的液态模锻

应用液态模锻工艺生产药简及弹体盂坯,具有简化工序、生产率高、提高材料利用率及降低能耗等优点,此文从消除铸件气孔和疏松缺陷,细化晶粒等方面简要地讨论了液态模锻黄铜盂坯的性能,并概略地分析了液态模锻生产黄铜盂坯的工艺和模具问题。     

Transitional politics: emerging incentive-based instruments in environmental regulation

This paper proposes a positive theory of environmental instrument choice. We study a democratic society that seeks to lower the level of pollution from industrial sources to a pre-specified target. The target can be implemented by one of three instruments: [S]: uniform emission standards; [P]: tradeable permits; and [T]: emission taxes. The conflict of interest between special-interests, representing polluters, and the electorate is resolved by an elected politician. We characterize when each of the three policy instruments is chosen in political equilibrium and show that the transition, observed in many countries, from [S] to either [P] or [T] can be understood as a natural consequence of increasingly ambitious environmental targets.