Artificial indoor streams as a method to investigate the impact of chemicals on lotic communities

The potential hazard of chemicals on aquatic communities are generally evaluated by standardised single-species bioassays. Safety assessment is based on results gained from organisms adapted to lentic systems and biological interactions in ecosystems are neglected. While lotic communities are often at first in contact with chemicals, it is astonishing that microcosms with lentic communities are mainly used as a bridge between laboratory bioassays and outdoor aquatic systems. Hence, we established five artificial indoor streams to simulate abiotic factors of small rivers. The closed-circuit system was filled with nutrients added to tap water. Washed pebbles were used as sediment. The dynamics of a simple biocoenoses consisting of aufwuchs, Lumbriculus variegatus Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum was investigated. The dynamic of aufwuchs and periphyton was determined as dry weight and chlorophyll-a, respectively and qualitatively by pigment pattern. The abundance of different developmental stages of L. variegatus was determined at the end of the experiment as well as the population dynamics of G. fossarum and A. aquaticus. Survival rates of gammarids and juveniles per female were investigated and data were used for modelling the population dynamics. The experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of the established artificial streams and the developed approaches to investigate effects of chemicals on a basic lotic community. The prime reason to establish this approach was to close a gap between complex artificial stream systems and laboratory single species tests to assess the impact of chemicals on the aquatic environment.     

Green thermal analysis for predicting thermal hazard of storage and transportation safety for tert-butyl peroxybenzoate

Liquid organic peroxides, such as tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB), have been widely employed in the petrifaction industry as a polymerization formation agent. This study investigated the thermokinetic parameters of TBPB by isothermal kinetic algorithms and non-isothermal kinetic equations, using thermal activity monitor III (TAM III) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Simulations of 0.5 L, 25 kg, 55 gallon, and 400 kg reactors in liquid thermal explosion models were performed and compared to the results in the literature. A green thermal analysis was developed for a reactor containing TBPB to prevent pollution and reduce the energy consumption by thermal decomposition. It is based on the thermal hazard properties, such as the heat of decomposition (ΔH_d), activation energy (E_a), self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), control temperature (CT), emergency temperature (ET), and critical temperature (TCR). From the experimental results, the optimal conditions to avoid violent runaway reactions during the storage and transportation of TBPB were determined.     

Medium ‐ pressure ‐ liquid ‐ extraction (MPLE) of selected polychlorinated biphenyls from soil (MPLE II) 1

The extraction of PCBs from spiked soils using the Medium‐Pressure Liquid‐Extraction method showed good recovery rates. Comparison of MPLE and Soxhlet extraction of naturally contaminated soil showed similar results. However, too large quantities of solvents have to be used in MPLE procedure and the elution profile makes it unlikely, that the aspired separation from PAHs would be sufficient.     

环境监测化学分析方法与分类

通过对重量法，容量法，比色法与仪器法的机理特点分析理顺环境监测分析的本质关系，以便更好地研究，开发和使用各种监测分析方法。     

固相萃取-液相色谱/质谱法测定水中硝基苯酚类化合物

建立了固相萃取-液相色谱/质谱测定水中硝基苯酚类化合物的方法。在最优条件下,7种硝基苯酚类化合物的分离度较好,目标物在0.02~3.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.998,检出限为0.007~0.026μg/L,加标回收率为71.1%~95.9%,精密度为7.36%~18.6%。该方法操作简便、准确,具有较好的实用性。     

高效液膜分离富集测定微量铜

应用高效乳状液膜技术分离、富集水和土壤样品中微量铜（Ⅱ）．研究了流动载体（Ｐ２０４）、表面活性剂（ＳＰａｎ８０）、膜的增强剂（液体石蜡）、膜溶剂（煤油）和内相解吸剂（２．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２ＳＯ４）等液膜体系，对分离富集微量铜（Ⅱ）的影响．确定了Ｓｐａｎ８０—Ｐ２０４─液体石蜡─煤油─Ｈ２ＳＯ４高效液膜体系的最佳组成和最适宜的实验条件．富集后的溶液用１－（２－吡啶偶氮）－２－萘酚（ＰＡＮ）分光光度法测定铜（Ⅱ）．用本法富集水和土壤中微铜（Ⅱ）．回收率在９９％以上。应用于测定水和土壤中的微量铜．相对标准偏差为１．２％～４．５％。     

液膜分离技术及其在环境分析中的应用

对液膜分离技术的作用、特点及其类型、组成与应用展开讨论，证明该技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

超临界CO2和液态CO2及气态N2注入采空区防灭火性能实验

为对比研究超临界态CO_2、液态CO_2和气态N_2注入采空区的防灭火性能,自主研制了模拟采空区残煤自燃过程实验系统,开展了超临界态CO_2、液态CO_2和气态N_2注入采空区防灭火实验。实验结果表明:12 MPa、39℃超临界态CO_2对采空区自燃残煤的降氧降温能力优于6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2优于6 MPa、39℃气态N_2;12 MPa、39℃超临界态CO_2对残煤的降温能力是6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2的1.7倍,是6 MPa、39℃气态N_2的10倍,对采空区的降温能力是液态CO_2的2倍,为气态N_2的8倍;12 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2对采空区的降氧速率比6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2和6 MPa、39℃气态N_2高12.5%;12 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2的降温能力是8 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2的1.7倍,因此适当提高超临界态CO_2的注入压力,防灭火性能更佳。     

电除尘器高压脉冲供电收尘技术研究

介绍了脉冲供电研究概况 ,脉冲供电原理及收尘试验等 ,这种脉冲供电是在低压端产生脉冲 ,升压整流后形成脉冲供电 ,脉冲幅值是基础直流的 1～ 4倍 ,且可调。它具有构思独特、造价低 ,简单实用等特点。实验结果表明 ,在基本上保持同工况条件下 ,脉冲供电比直流供电降低出口烟气含尘浓度 3 0 .5 %～ 74.4%。