国家重点生态功能区产业准入负面清单制度的现状、问题与优化建议

国家重点生态功能区对维护国家和区域生态安全至关重要,产业准入负面清单制度是促进区域国土空间布局优化、引导产业绿色发展的重要举措。本文分别选取了水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙、生物多样性维护不同类型国家重点生态功能区的案例区,深入开展产业准入负面清单制定的现状分析与问题识别。结果表明：现有产业准入负面清单以限制类为主且多为现有发展产业,禁止类产业较少且多为规划发展产业,在实施过程中仍存在与主体功能定位不符、区域协调性不足、实施困难大、缺乏动态跟踪管理等四方面问题。在此基础上,结合国家有关政策要求和不同区域主导功能定位,提出水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙、生物多样性维护四类重点生态功能区的通用性和差异性产业准入负面清单优化政策建议,为国家重点生态功能区保护与管理提供决策参考。     

不同厚度生物降解地膜在崇明生态岛“两无化”稻田中的降解特性研究

2020年6—12月,在崇明生态岛“两无化”水稻种植基地进行大田实验,检测并分析了生物降解地膜的微观形貌、化学结构、相对分子量,探究不同厚度生物降解地膜的降解以及物理化学性质的变化。结果表明:随着覆膜时间延长,不同厚度的生物降解地膜表面均出现孔洞且数量逐渐增多;生物降解地膜中聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)可能发生了诺里什Ⅱ型反应,导致高分子材料分子链的断裂;生物降解地膜相对分子量均先增后减,地膜中高分子在稻田环境中发生了的断裂、重组、分解,形成分子量相对较小的降解物;覆膜135 d时厚度为0.0100、0.0090、0.0085 mm的生物降解地膜的数均分子量分别比初始下降了15.32%、28.54%、22.88%,重均分子量则分别下降了17.00%、21.73%、16.21%。     

大型游乐设施的安全评价

大型游乐设施的安全是一个复杂、多层面的系统。本文调查分析了我国大型游乐设施存在的主要安全问题,辨识了大型游乐设施可能存在的危险因素,得出了大型游乐设施的安全现状;同时建立了大型游乐设施安全评价二级指标体系,并采用德菲尔(Delphi)法得到了指标权重;另外结合北京某主题游乐园过山车的安全状况,采用专家评判法和安全检查表法对其进行了安全评价,结果表明两种评价方法的结果与该过山车的年检结果相近,表明这两种方法均是评价大型游乐设施安全性的有效方法。     

煤岩动力灾害的氡监测技术初探

矿井开采深度和强度的逐年增加,致使深部煤与瓦斯突出等煤岩动力灾害变得更为严重,迫切需要有既行之有效又安全可靠的方法来对其进行预测预报.煤岩体的破裂过程伴随能量耗散及放射性核素氡析出,因此,检测氡的变化可以作为一种对煤岩动力灾害的预测方法.先介绍了我国煤矿井下氡的水平,分析了破裂煤岩氡析出异常机理,研究了煤岩放射性核素赋存的影响因素,再利用自主设计的循环式破裂煤岩氡析出测定试验系统,初步研究了煤岩块试样破坏前后的氡析出变化.结果表明,煤岩块试样在破坏前后,氡浓度出现异常变化,破坏后较完整的煤样氡气放射增加50％以上,破坏后较完整的岩样氡气放射增加1倍以上.这表明氡检测技术在煤矿动力灾害探测中具有较好的应用前景.     

Impacts of climate change on lakes and reservoirs dynamics and restoration policies

Meteorological-driven processes exert large and diverse impacts on lakes and their water quality; these impacts can be hydrologic, thermal, hydraulic, chemical, biochemical, or ecological. The impact of climate change on Lake Tahoe (California–Nevada) was investigated here as a case study of climate change effects on the physical processes occurring within lakes. The already published trends of meteorological variables were used to assess the effects of global warming on Lake Tahoe dynamics. Records from the period 1969–2002 show that Lake Tahoe has became warmer and more stable. A series of simulation years into the future (i.e., 2000–2040) was established using flows, loads, and meteorology data sets for the period 1994–2004. Results of 40-year simulations show that the lake continues to become warmer and more stable, and mixing is reduced. Possible changes in water quality because of global warming are discussed through inference, although these are not specifically simulated. Many existing problems may be exacerbated due to climate change, yet extreme uncertainty depends on the rate and magnitude of climate change. Therefore, shifts in water quality and quantity due to climate change should be integrated into contemporary planning and management in an adaptive manner, and the research and development of impact assessment methodology should focus on approaches that can handle extreme uncertainty. The general alternatives for lake management due to climate change are discussed. Depending on the specific case, further intensive research is suggested to restore lake water quality.     

黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为了探究黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草工程对土壤细菌群落的影响,本文以宁南山区玉米农地为对照,人工柠条地和天然草地为退耕还林还草的处理,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16S rRNA V3~V4可变区进行测序,研究3种植被下土壤细菌的α多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理化性质探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素.3种土壤样品中共检测到细菌29门,76纲,135目,250科,375属,682种,主要的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,主要的优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、嗜热油菌纲（Thermoleophilia）、芽单胞菌纲（Gemmatimonadetes）、杆菌纲（Bacilli）、δ-变形菌纲（δ-Proteobacteria）.与耕地相比,林地的优势菌主要是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,草地的是放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）.柠条林地的土壤微生物多样性最高.通过RDA分析发现,影响本研究区域土壤细菌分布的最主要环境因子是全氮和有机质.研究表明通过退耕还林与还草工程明显地改善了土壤肥力和环境状况,改变了土壤细菌群落组成.     

甘肃张掖市退耕还林(草)工程影响综合评价

利用抽样调查和收集资料得到的数据,对张掖市实施退耕还林（草）工程的影响从社会、经济和生态三个方面进行了评价。结果表明：张掖市退耕还林（草）社会可持续性的评价结果为“较好”;2002—2004年的退耕还林（草）工程在三年内给农户带来了17229．62万元的纯收入;通过三年的退耕还林（草）,能增加植物碳量累积（NPP）170658．11t,NEP总量增加44544．94t。同时,还针对退耕还林（草）政策的完善提出建议：希望继续增加退耕还林（草）面积,在今后的退耕还林（草）工程中安排合理的还草面积,增加退耕还林（草）工程的配套费用。政府有关部门应切实解决退耕农户关心的问题。     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China: Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Abstract

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands (FRFG) is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national (country)—regional (province)—local (county)—household (farmer) level scale, and the results are: driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types: industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers' income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers' demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

“三线一单”在产业园区规划环评中的应用路径研究

本文分析了“三线一单”、产业园区规划环评在源头预防体系和环境管理中的定位及二者的空间拓扑关系。从技术方法、评价思路、评价尺度、评价重点和产出成果等方面对比解析了“三线一单”与产业园区规划环评的评价体系。从参考、落实、简化、细化（完善）、反馈5个环节分析了“三线一单”在产业园区规划环评中的应用路径,并以某高新区为例梳理分析了产业园区规划环评中衔接落实“三线一单”成果的方式。最后,从明确“三线一单”与规划环评在园区层面的定位和空间拓扑关系、完善二者衔接落实的技术方法体系、健全衔接落实的应用管理机制三个方面提出了推进“三线一单”在产业园区规划环评中应用的建议。     

城市化可能引起的地貌灾害及其防治

城市化可能导致流水地貌过程系统的变化,加剧水土流失和洪水威胁;还可能导致重力地貌过程系统的变化,造成土滑、滑坡和崩塌等灾害;城区地下水、地下其它液体和固体物质的开采,可能引起地面沉降或坍陷。这一切会影响自然环境与人类环境,故应采取相应的防治措施。