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132.
The co-benefits concept implies a ‘win–win’ strategy to address two or more goals with a single policy measure. There is much scholarly and policy attention paid to this concept as a way to avoid making trade-offs between developmental and environmental issues. However, there is no review paper that reviews the nature, evolution, strengths and limits of the co-benefits concept in relation to climate change. Hence, this review article addresses the question: What does the literature tell us about the definition, application and use of the co-benefits concept? Using a literature review approach, this article explains the evolution of the co-benefits concept and its strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that while the concept has tremendous advocacy potential in dealing with the problem that the costs and benefits of climate policy are temporally and spatially not aligned, its de facto potential is limited as mostly economists have engaged with this concept, and there is little trans-disciplinary work undertaken that also looks at the politics and institutional aspects of co-benefits. The article thus provides an impetus to rethink current approaches to studying co-benefits and points to the need for inter- and trans-disciplinary research drawing on economic, political and social sciences. 相似文献
133.
Richard L. Ottinger 《Natural resources forum》2006,30(4):318-327
The imperatives for reducing the world's dependence on fossil and nuclear fuels have multiplied manifold in recent years with the advent of worldwide terrorism. These new dangers come in addition to the imperatives of addressing the dire consequences of global warming and devastating pollution that accompany the use of these fossil fuels. Reducing dependence on these unsafe and unreliable energy resources should be a top global priority. Implementation of proven energy efficiency technologies offers the world the fastest, safest, most economic and most environmentally benign way to alleviate these threats. This article outlines available efficiency measures, their economic advantages and means by which they may be and have been implemented. While examples of efficiency applications from both developed and developing countries are given, the article relies heavily on experience with energy efficiency in the United States, where data on efficiency is particularly abundant. 相似文献
134.
20年来,上海市已培育、发展、形成了一支稳定的环境科学研究队伍。回顾了这支队伍承担的上海市环保局下达的470余项科研项目中,一些主要的课题取得了卓越成果。在回顾的同时,对加强环境保护科研工作提出了五点意见。 相似文献
135.
Research core and framework of sustainability science 总被引:8,自引:6,他引:2
Yuya Kajikawa 《Sustainability Science》2008,3(2):215-239
This paper reviews recent achievements in sustainability science and discusses the research core and framework of sustainability
science. We analyze and organize papers published in three selected core journals of sustainability science: Sustainability Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, and Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy. Papers are organized into three categories: sustainability and its definition, domain-oriented research, and a research
framework for sustainability science. First, we provide a short history and define the basic characteristics of sustainability;
then we review current efforts in the following research domains: climate, biodiversity, agriculture, fishery, forestry, energy
and resources, water, economic development, health, and lifestyle. Finally, we propose a research framework for sustainability
science that includes the following components: goal setting, indicator setting, indicator measurement, causal chain analysis,
forecasting, backcasting, and problem–solution chain analysis. We emphasize the importance of this last component for improving
situations and attaining goals. 相似文献
136.
Environmental psychology with a Latin American taste 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper describes and analyzes the actual and potential contributions of Latin American environmental psychology (EP) to the study of environment–behaviour interactions. Latin America is a richly socoi- and bio-diverse region; the multitude of problems caused by threats to its diversity requires especial conceptual and methodological approaches for studying and solving those problems. Latin American environmental psychologists have contributed ideas and studies according to the specificities (indigenous psychologies) of their nations. These specificities include Latin American traditions of collective participation, holistic worldviews, emotional attachment to places and other individuals, biospheric attitudes and preference for diversity, among others, in addition to the cultural traditions inherited from Europe. These traditions are considered in EP studies conducted by Latin American authors, which are described and commented upon. The importance of formative programs for a professionalizing environmental psychology in the area is discussed. Finally, this paper envisions the future of EP in Latin America. Such a forecast includes our vision of how environmental psychologists in the region could contribute to the general development of a universal environmental psychology. 相似文献
137.
INTRODUCTION: Behavior based safety (BBS) initiatives are the current trend toward improving safety performance. METHOD: This study outlines the framework of the BBS process and summarizes several behavioral safety approaches to accident prevention. RESULTS: Although most of the published research has focused on the improvement of safe behavior in industry, this study is the first to apply the current approach of behavior based safety in a research/educational setting. An experiment conducted at a research institution demonstrated the effectiveness of a well-designed behavior based safety process. A follow-up study indicated that the BBS produced a lasting effect for the experimental group. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results from this study can be the driving force to implement behavior-based safety processes into educational, research, and training organizations. 相似文献
138.
A classic research approach is to optimize experimental design and available resources. However, that approach does not guarantee that results will be useful. This article takes the view that research should not be undertaken unless there is assurance that final results will be significant to a level specified before any work is begun. Given that assurance, the relationship between cost and statistical significance is explored, a new approach to optimization s developed, and the use of models in research design is considered. 相似文献
139.
This article summarizes the views of aquatic scientists who gathered to assess the ability of stream ecosystem theory to predict
recovery from disturbance. Two views of disturbance were evident: a discrete removal of organisms vs an unusual deviation
from normal. These were perceived as applying to different scales and/or objectives. Long-term information is required from
both points of view to define recovery. Recovery also may be defined in different ways, but it is clear that recovery has
both spatial and temporal components, and includes both physical and biological processes. Consensus was very strong that
a major role (and challenge) for theory lies in the understanding of spatial aspects, temporal scales, coupling of physics
and biology, and the interaction of these features in recovery processes. Some progress is evident in the articles of this
volume, but among the topics identified as critical for further theoretical contributions were: homogeneous vs heterogeneous
distribution of disturbance, local extent of disturbance relative to a regional context, critical vs noncritical patches (size
and location) of disturbance at different spatial scales and temporal frequencies, delineation of reversible and nonreversible
processes, and physical and biological constraints on the time frame for recovery. Such concepts need attention across different
types of lotic ecosystems. Thus, there was strong consensus that a national monitoring system of representative lotic ecosystems
within ecological regions be established. The purpose of this monitoring system would be to acquire long-term data on natural
variability, to establish viable indicators of spatial and temporal aspects of recovery, and to develop and test emerging
theoretical developments. 相似文献
140.