二龙山水库水质富营养化趋势及削减规划研究

选用C_N,C_P(水库中氮、磷的平均质量浓度)2项指标作为契入点,以狄龙模型为基础,结合二龙山水库水质污染的具体特点,设计了一套适合于预测二龙山水库水质富养化的C_N,C_P模型,运用其预测了水库水质营养状态变化趋势并对水质富营养化进行了预评价.结果表明:2001-2050年二龙山水库水质总氮和总磷的质量浓度同步增长,但总磷的增长幅度远远大于总氮,水库水质富营养化逐渐加剧.最后,根据系统诊断模型计算了水库氮、磷营养盐的环境容量,并结合该地的实际情况提出了氮、磷污染物的削减规划方案.      

Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir

ABSTRACT

An ultrasonic extraction – gas chromatography – electron capture detector analytical method was used to measure the concentration and types of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in sediment to obtain a better understanding of the characteristics and hidden ecological risks associated with OC pesticide exposure in surface sediment of the Qingshitan Reservoir. Fifteen types of OC pesticides were detected in the sediment, and the sum concentration of these chemicals was in the 149.32–490.19 ng/g range (mean value: 319.39 ng/g). The concentrations of detected OC pesticides occurred in the following order: hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (mean value: 200.17 ng/g) > DDTs (mean value: 36.92 ng/g) > heptachlors (mean value: 32.74 ng/g) > methoxychlor (mean value: 24.13 ng/g). There was a 100% detection rate for HCH isomers, and their concentrations occurred in the following order: β-HCH > δ-HCH > γ-HCH > α-HCH. β-HCH was the main component of HCHs. Ratios between α-HCH/γ-HCH and β-/(α+γ)-HCH were used to investigate the sources of pollution. Most of the surveyed areas were polluted by lindane, which originated from past pesticide residue usage, and no new inputs of HCHs were found. DDT was the major component of the DDTs, and accounted for 52%–87% of the DDTs. The ratios of (DDE+DDD)/DDT at all sample collection points were less than 1, indicating that degradation rate of DDTs in sediment was low and there was a new input of DDTs in these surveyed areas. The ratio of DDD/DDE was less than 1 at most of the sample collection points, indicating that the degradation of DDT in the sediments primarily took place under aerobic conditions. Comparison of OC pesticide residual levels in the underwater sediment collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir to other states and countries showed the pollution level of these chemicals of the Qingshitan Reservoir was relatively high. The ecological risk was assessed based on guideline values of effects range-low (ERL) and effects range-medium (ERM). The results showed that DDD, DDE, DDTs and endrin residues in the sediment posed a moderate ecological risk, but DDT and γ-HCH showed high ecological risk. These OC pesticides might adversely affect biological systems, and need to be addressed.     

流溪河水库流域非点源溶解态氮磷污染负荷估算

流溪河水库作为广州市最重要的水源地之一,其水环境质量受到广泛关注. 利用基于SCS模型的污染负荷输出,对流溪河水库流域非点源溶解态氮磷污染负荷进行估算. 结果表明:流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷为384.31 t/a,溶解态磷污染负荷为20.68 t/a.其中氮贡献最大的为林地,占50.93%;其次为园地,占18.10%.磷贡献最大的亦为林地,占49.22%;其次为旱地,占15.85%.溶解态氮单位面积污染负荷道路最高,为50.57 kg/(hm2·a);其次是水田,为33.60 kg/(hm2·a).而溶解态磷单位面积污染负荷最大是水田,为3.43 kg/(hm2·a);其次是道路,为3.19 kg/(hm2·a). 与水库流域颗粒态氮磷污染负荷比较表明,溶解态氮大于颗粒态氮,氮以溶解态迁移为主;溶解态磷则小于颗粒态磷,但由于颗粒态磷易随泥沙受阻或沉降,溶解态磷对水库水质的影响依然是总磷关注的重点.      

三峡库区消落带土壤重金属分布特征及潜在风险评价

探讨了三峡库区重庆段沿江左右两岸、不同淹水高程消落带土壤中重金属的分布特征,并对研究区域重金属潜在风险进行了评价.结果表明,土壤中As(>19.0mg/kg)、Cd(>0.38mg/kg)含量超标,其余重金属含量均达国家土壤环境质量2级标准.沿江两岸Cu、Zn、Cr和Hg含量存在显著差异(P<0.1),左岸土壤中各重金属平均含量均小于右岸,而右岸各重金属的变异系数较左岸大.不同淹水高程重金属含量差异明显(P<0.1).沿长江水流方向,库区土壤中Cd含量先减后增,其余重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg,As,Cr)含量逐渐降低.Pb和Cr、Cd和As含量与土壤pH值均具有显著相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01).土壤中Cu与Hg,Cu与Cr间具有显著正相关关系(P<0.05);Cu、Pb、Zn与多种重金属间具有极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).库区消落带土壤重金属潜在生态风险处于轻微状态,主要生态风险元素为Cd.     

Distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticides in tissue/organ of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from Guanting Reservoir, China

The concentration of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） in tissues and organs of silver carp（Hypophthalmichthys mofitrix） from Guanting Reservoir were investigated to evaluate the pollution potential and distribution of OCPs. A total of 16 OCPs were measured and the concentrations were in the range of 1.61-69.01 ng/g wet weight（ww） for total OCPs, 0.16- 0.75 ng/g ww for HCB. 0.75 -26.80 ng/g ww for SHCH（sum of α-,β-, γ- and δ-HCH） and 0.68-35.94 ng/g ww for SDDT（ sum of p, p＇-DDE, p, p＇-DDD, o, p＇-DDT and p, p＇- DDT）. The mean concentrations of total OCPs, HCB, ∑HCH, and ∑DDT were 18.04, 0.96, 7.14 and 9.28 ng/g ww, respectively. Among the organochlorine pesticides, β-HCH and p, p＇-DDE were the most dominant compounds in tissue and organ with the average concentrations of 4.42 and 8.14 ng/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study show that the levels of 16 OCP residues found in silver carps are low and pose no threat to human health and wildlife fed upon them on the basis of existing related quality guidelines. However, recent input of lindane and DDT might still exist in the area investigated and further investigation should be carried on.     

湖库富营养化敏感分级概念及指标体系研究

依据水体富营养化的危害程度与地理位置、流动条件等因素有关的概念,在一个较小的尺度上提出了水体富营养化敏感分级的概念,将富营养化的控制级别从河流-湖泊2级扩展到多级,并提出了分级采用的指标体系的一般概念.同时与美国环境保护局的大尺度分区(分级)方法进行了比较分析,发现美国14个生态分区河流与湖库的富营养化基准存在不协调之处,认为以该统计方法分别进行河流与湖库富营养化基准制定,可能产生河流基准的控制指标严于湖泊基准的不合理情况.      

GWLF模型的原理、结构及应用

GWLF(Generalized Watershed Loading Function)模型是一个半分布式、半经验式的流域负荷模型。它能够利用GIS及RS提供的空间数据,在中型尺度流域的范围内进行非点源污染负荷估算,模型比较适合于数据量少,参数相对缺乏的地区。重点介绍了GWLF模型的污染物负荷估算的原理,同时将GWLF模型应用于天津市于桥水库流域,利用沙河流域1999年水量、水质数据进行校准,初步估算出于桥水库上游流域的非点源负荷。     

人工快渗系统在三峡库区处理生活污水的适应性研究

目前国内人工快渗系统的研究主要集中在北方缺水、气候寒冷干燥地区,本研究针对土壤和气候条件特殊的三峡库区,试验研究CRI系统的构建及其处理性能,探索该技术在库区的适应性.结果表明,库区常见的灰棕紫泥土渗透系数较小,折算成水力负荷为0.1 m³·(m²·d)^-1,在该水力负荷下,湿干比为1d∶3d时,系统取得较好的处理效果.气候条件、土壤特性是影响湿干比的主要因素,1d∶3d的湿干比对库区是适宜的,表明CRI系统在三峡库区处理生活污水是可行的.     

环境因素对密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳和全氮含量影响的通径分析

土壤是全球重要的碳库和氮库,在全球碳氮循环中具有重要地位。密云水库是华北地区最大的水库和北京市最重要的地表水水源地,其上游流域山地广布,地形复杂,气候变化明显,土壤类型和植被类型多样,影响土壤碳氮库的环境因素具有较强的变异性。为揭示环境因素对密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）和全氮（total nitrogen,TN）含量的作用效应,采用野外采样、实验室分析与逐步回归分析和通径分析相结合的方法,研究了气候（温度和降水）、地形（海拔和坡度）、土壤理化性质（土壤容重、含水量、pH值和粘粒含量）等环境因素对流域SOC和TN含量的影响。结果表明：温度、土壤容重、含水量、pH值和粘粒含量对SOC含量的影响显著（P＆lt;0.001）,其中各因子的直接通径系数依次为：土壤含水量（0.439）＞土壤容重（-0.324）＞pH值（-0.238）＞温度（-0.209）＞土壤粘粒含量（0.092）,间接通径系数依次为：土壤容重（-0.425）＞土壤粘粒含量（0.305）＞土壤含水量（0.287）＞pH值（-0.179）＞温度（-0.043）,因此,土壤含水量、pH值和温度主要通过直接作用影响SOC含量,而土壤容重和粘粒含量则主要通过其它因子的作用间接影响SOC含量。海拔、土壤容重、含水量、pH 值和粘粒含量对 TN 含量的影响显著（P＆lt;0.001）,其中各因子的直接通径系数依次为：土壤含水量（0.456）＞海拔（0.234）＞土壤容重（-0.228）＞pH 值（-0.190）＞土壤粘粒含量（0.094）,间接通径系数依次为：土壤容重（-0.484）＞土壤粘粒含量（0.301）＞海拔（0.247）＞土壤含水量（0.257）＞pH 值（-0.202）,因此,土壤含水量主要通过直接作用影响TN含量,而土壤容重和粘粒含量主要通过土壤含水量的作用间接影响TN含量,海拔和土壤pH值的直接作用与间接作用     

三峡水库蓄水期长江口多氯联苯的污染特征

为揭示三峡水库蓄水期长江口多氯联苯的污染水平与空间分布特征,于2010年11月份采集长江口河道及邻近海域24个采样点表层沉积物和一个沉积物柱芯,对其中多氯联苯(PCBs)进行测定,结果表明本区PCBs污染处于较低水平,潜在生态风险较小.由于11月份处于枯季前期以及三峡水库蓄水期,外源PCBs输入变化以及三峡水库蓄水使得上游来沙减少,导致11月长江口PCBs含量较洪、枯季典型时段低.由于受海水倒灌和颗粒物盐析的共同作用,长江口北支的PCBs污染重于南支.在口外海域,受河口过滤器效应的影响,PCBs被潮流拦截在20m等深线区域.沉积物PCBs含量与沉积物TOC、粒径均无明显相关性.表层沉积物中PCBs组成以低氯取代PCBs为主.柱芯沉积物中PCBs组成与含量有明显分段特征.主成分分析发现南北支来源差异明显,较深柱芯与较浅柱芯差异明显.