聚合氯化铝的27Al NMR研究

聚合氯化铝(PAC)是一种水处理混凝剂,七十年代以来已在我国、日本及其它一些画家得到应用。这种混凝剂是铝离子的水解聚合产物,有较高的铝含量及较大的羟铝比。我们用~(27)Al NMR(核磁共振)法对PAC及其水稀释物中铝的形态进行初步研究,以了解稀释对PAC组成变化的影响。     

Breeding birds in short-rotation coppices on farmland in central Sweden—the importance of Salix height and adjacent habitats

Plantations of short-rotation coppice (SRC) have a potential for being a useful measure to stop the ongoing impoverishment of farmland biodiversity by increasing structural diversity, and decreasing cultivation intensity and use of pesticides in intensively managed farmland landscapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of the structure of the plantation and composition of adjacent habitats for breeding birds in 41 SRCs (meansize±S.E.=9.4±1.6 ha). Mean number of species per ha in the SRCs was 2.8±0.3 species and there were more farmland birds (32 species, 808 territories) than forest birds (22 species, 400 territories). A major result of the present study was the strong influence of adjacent habitats on bird community composition (18 of 22 analysed species affected). There were large differences in bird communities between forest-bordered and open-bordered sites, but occurrence of residual habitats (i.e. other habitats than forest, pastures, shrub areas and arable fields) was also associated with occurrence of several species. The second factor of major importance for the bird fauna was the height of the plantations. Most species (14) were associated with tall plantations (>2 m), seven species were associated with plantations of intermediate (1–2 m) height, and six species were associated with plantations of low height (<1 m). A comparison of ecological traits between species classified as preferring SRC and species classified as avoiding SRC suggests that nest height was the only ecological character associated with a preference for Salix habitats, i.e. species with nests on the ground or in shrubs were more abundant in Salix habitats than in farmland landscapes in general. However, a broad spectrum of species was found in the SRCs and many of these seemed to be dependent on habitat features outside the plantations. Planting of Salix in intensively managed farmland plains will have positive effects on bird diversity by increasing the structural diversity of the landscape. In contrast, plantations on infields in forest-dominated landscapes will have negative effects, since the mosaic structure (i.e. mixture of open and forested habitats) positive for most farmland birds will disappear, and Salix plantations favour relatively few forest species. Additionally, Salix could be planted along sharp edges between coniferous plantations and open farmland in order to increase the complexity of the ecotone in intensively managed forest-farmland landscapes.     

铝型材挤压模具优化设计现状和趋势

简要叙述了铝型材挤压模具设计现状和趋势,说明了数值模拟在铝型材挤压模具设计优化中的意义,并针对国内外对此所做的工作,提出了一些看法.     

饮用水消毒的若干技术问题探讨

对饮用水中余氯测定存在的问题、余氯与加氯量的关系、水中消毒剂残余量的控制等饮用水消毒所涉及的若干技术问题进行了试验研究和探讨。通过试验摸索出1种测定余氯的分光光度法,作为对目视比色法的修正。     

分格复合填料曝气生物滤池脱氮除磷特性及微生物群落特征分析

设计一种新型曝气生物滤池-分格复合填料曝气生物滤池,采用污水处理厂曝气沉砂池出水为初始微污染水,调试反应器对微污染水的深度处理效果,同时对填料表面生物膜中的微生物群落组成和结构进行解析.结果表明:该工艺在曝气量为3.0 L·min-1,水力负荷为20m3·m-3·d-1,回流比为125%的条件下,对化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、氨氮、浊度的平均去除率分别为81%、48%、91%、91%;该工艺对磷的去除率仅为14%,通过投加聚合氯化铝可使出水中总磷(TP)含量降至0.50 mg·L-1以下.微生物群落分析发现,好氧段中与硝化过程中密切相关的硝化螺菌属微生物占群落总量的8.0%,而在缺氧段与反硝化相关的脱氯单胞菌属微生物可占群落总量的1.5%,微生物群落组成与反应器功能具有较好的一致性.本研究表明,该工艺可以高效去除总氮,与聚合氯化铝联合作用可去除86%的总磷,达到污水排放一级A标准,可作为城市杂用水和景观环境用水进行回用.     

响应面法优化铝灰中氮化铝脱除工艺

为了优化二次铝灰中AlN氧化焙烧脱除工艺,基于响应面法建立了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、铝灰粒径等工艺参数与AlN脱除率之间的数学模型,并进行了方差分析,对铝灰中AlN的脱除工艺参数进行了优化设计.结果表明,所建立的回归模型能够准确预测AlN脱除率,预测值与实验值误差为0.93％.经优化设计得到铝灰中AlN的最佳脱除工艺参数为...     

火灾后内配H型钢的矩形钢管混凝土柱剩余承载力有限元分析

该文采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了火灾后内配H型钢的矩形钢管混凝土柱模型,计算了常温下与火灾后该构件的轴向荷载-位移关系曲线,对火灾后的受力性能进行了分析;此外与相同含钢率的钢管混凝土柱构件火灾后剩余承载力进行了对比,发现内配型钢钢管混凝土柱剩余承载力较钢管混凝土柱得以增强,且构件延性优于钢管混凝土;同时对比了强、弱轴两种加载方式下该类构件火灾后剩余承载力,最后对影响火灾后该类构件剩余承载力的主要因素进行了参数分析,发现升温时间、截面周长和长细比对其影响较为显著。     

优化混凝处理低温低浊黄河水及对余铝的控制

考察了4种混凝剂,高效聚合氯化铝（HPAC）,聚合氯化铝（PACl）,硫酸铝（Al2（SO4）3）,混合PACl和氯化铁（FeCl3）,对低温低浊黄河原水的混凝效果与沉后水残留铝含量的关系。结果表明,当采用Al2（SO4）3或PACl做混凝剂时,在取得较好浊度去除的投药量下,水中余铝浓度会超过国家标准（0．2131g／L）。而采用HPAC或FeCl3和PACl复配药剂,在取得与Al2（SO4）3或PACl类似的浊度去除效果的同时,也能较好地控制水中的余铝含量。当HPAC投加量为21mg／L时,沉后水浊度降至1．3NTU,残留铝含量为0．147mg／L。复配投加PACl 15mg／L和FeCl3 12mg／L后,沉后水浊度为1．18NTU,残留铝含量为0．074mg／L。PACl和氯化铁的复配比例需要精确的调控,否则容易导致出水余铁余铝含量增加。而HPAC投加量小于21mtg／L时出水余铝浓度均低于国家标准。因此,在这4种混凝剂中,就混凝效果及余铝控制而言,HPAC更适合充当低温低浊水源水的混凝处理药剂。     

利用含铝废硫酸和废铝渣制备聚合硫酸铝

以含铝废硫酸和废铝渣为原料制备聚合硫酸铝（PAS）。优化了废铝渣的酸溶条件,确定了合适的稳定剂和碱化剂。实验结果表明：在酸溶反应温度为80 ℃、酸溶反应时间为40 min、以20 g/L Ca（OH）₂溶液为碱化剂、以加入量为60 mg/L的固体柠檬酸为稳定剂的条件下,制备的PAS比聚合氯化铝（PAC）和Al₂（SO₄）₃具有更优异的混凝性能。该工艺可回收利用废铝渣和含铝废硫酸,从而达到综合利用的目的。     

铝合金微弧氧化技术应用研究

目的研究铝合金微弧氧化技术在产品三防方面的应用。方法选取四种不同牌号的常用铝合金结构件材料进行微弧氧化处理,并通过各种检测手段测定铝合金微弧氧化膜层的成分及形貌、硬度及耐磨、耐腐蚀等性能指标,并与硬质阳极氧化技术作对比。结果微弧氧化膜层厚度为20～120μm,氧化膜致密层硬度（Hv）〉900,致密层磨损率〈10^-4mm^3／（N·m）,盐雾试验时间〉96h,湿热试验时间〉10个周期,膜层性能优于硬质阳极氧化膜。结论微弧氧化技术能大大提高铝合金的耐磨和耐腐蚀性能,可应用于提升产品三防性能。