Violence and complex humanitarian emergencies: implications for livelihoods models

This paper explores the nature of the violence that characterises complex humanitarian emergencies and the related implications for modelling livelihoods systems. While noting the importance of livelihoods approaches in complex humanitarian emergencies, it deliberates the limitations of sustainable livelihoods frameworks when applied in environments marked by protracted instability. Adaptations to the model are discussed, with a particular focus on the relationships among violence, assets and liabilities within livelihoods systems. Political economy of violence theories intimate that the assets on which livelihoods systems are constructed in peaceful times may instead become life-and livelihood-threatening liabilities in periods of conflict. Adaptations to livelihood systems in violent settings require that analysts consider violence from policy, institutional and process perspectives. It is suggested that vulnerability should be re-conceptualised as endogenous to livelihoods systems in violent settings. Building on the work of others, a livelihoods model adapted for complex humanitarian emergencies is presented.     

基于.NET框架的矿区环保信息系统网络模式探讨

根据工作需要以及网络基础设施条件,兖矿集团公司环保网络信息系统开发采用了C/S B/S混合模式结构,在开发平台上选取了.NET,利用.NET的XML Web Service及ASP.NET技术,实现系统跨平台操作及容错处理,提高系统的运行性能.     

The Tasman Spirit oil spill: implications for regulatory change in Pakistan

An oil spill in July 2003 from the tanker Tasman Spirit attracted considerable public and media attention in Pakistan. This paper focuses on the experience of a developing country such as Pakistan in dealing with a major oil spill and its impact on bringing about change in the national regulatory framework. A major outcome has been the ratification of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1992, which came into force in March 2006 in Pakistan. The convention provides a compensation mechanism for victims incurring oil pollution damages from maritime casualties involving oil laden ships. Several additional changes are still required to improve the country's ability to cope with marine oil spills. These include the development of a comprehensive domestic regulatory framework, implementation of an effective contingency plan, and capacity building of all relevant agencies.     

Development of a Methodology for Strategic Environmental Assessment: Application to the Assessment of Golf Course Installation Policy in Taiwan

Some countries, including Taiwan, have adopted strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to assess and modify proposed policies, plans, and programs (PPPs) in the planning phase for pursuing sustainable development. However, there were only some sketchy steps focusing on policy assessment in the system of Taiwan. This study aims to develop a methodology for SEA in Taiwan to enhance the effectiveness associated with PPPs. The proposed methodology comprises an SEA procedure involving PPP management and assessment in various phases, a sustainable assessment framework, and an SEA management system. The SEA procedure is devised based on the theoretical considerations by systems thinking and the regulative requirements in Taiwan. The positive and negative impacts on ecology, society, and economy are simultaneously considered in the planning (including policy generation and evaluation), implementation, and control phases of the procedure. This study used the analytic hierarchy process, Delphi technique, and systems analysis to develop a sustainable assessment framework. An SEA management system was built based on geographic information system software to process spatial, attribute, and satellite image data during the assessment procedure. The proposed methodology was applied in the SEA of golf course installation policy in 2001 as a case study, which was the first SEA in Taiwan. Most of the 82 existing golf courses in 2001 were installed on slope lands and caused a serious ecological impact. Assessment results indicated that 15 future golf courses installed on marginal lands (including buffer zones, remedied lands, and wastelands) were acceptable because the comprehensive environmental (ecological, social, and economic) assessment value was better based on environmental characteristics and management regulations of Taiwan. The SEA procedure in the planning phase for this policy was completed but the implementation phase of this policy was not begun because the related legislation procedure could not be arranged due to a few senators’ resistance. A self-review of the control phase was carried out in 2006 using this methodology. Installation permits for 12 courses on slope lands were terminated after 2001 and then 27 future courses could be installed on marginal lands. The assessment value of this policy using the data on ecological, social, and economic conditions from 2006 was higher than that using the data from 2001. The analytical results illustrate that the proposed methodology can be used to effectively and efficiently assist the related authorities for SEA.     

金属非金属矿山安全标准化信息管理平台的开发

按照《金属非金属矿山安全标准化规范》的要求,为便于信息管理,建立了矿山安全标准化信息管理系统;该系统根据安全标准化规范的14个要素,将安全标准化管理信息平台划分为13个子系统,并研讨了安全标准化信息管理系统的各个功能模块;结合矿山实际,把信息系统平台分为系统管理模块,统一信息发布平台前台管理模块,后台管理模块等。该信息系统平台采用NET的技术开发信息系统平台,充分运用其基于组件开发的技术,为企业提供一个规范化、标准化管理平台,实现安全动态管理模式,使安全标准化在企业得以实现。     

省域安全生产应急救援指挥平台框架体系研究

分析省级安全生产应急救援指挥的业务特点,认为它是一个平时模拟演练和事故现场应急指挥并重、平战结合的一体化过程,是一个广域多部门实时动态的联动过程;笔者提出安全生产应急救援的框架体系,并以网络为基础,以信息技术为手段,以智能设备为前端而构建一个实时直观的应急指挥有机体,包括基础支持系统、综合应用系统、数据库系统、移动指挥平台、前端展示系统,以及法律法规等体系、安全保障体系等,同时重点分析其中的网络结构、综合应用系统,以及与其他单位系统的接口。该框架体系通过广东省安全生产监督管理部门的验证,在实践中是可行的。     

灾害模拟和后果分析软件架构

本文为基于GIS的公共安全应急体系中各灾害模拟和后果分析模块,研究并建立了一个从概念到实现的统一可扩展的接口,使公共安全灾害模拟和后果分析领域的研究成果能被广泛共享,并且更容易建立一个整合各类已有研究成果的软件体系.并且,本文结合"国家十五重点科技攻关(滚动)项目:合肥市公共安全应急示范试点研究"项目给出了原型实现.     

基于空间信息技术的城市环境时空调控范式研究

城市环境－生态系统是高度复杂的时空复合动力学系统。通过对城市环境问题的空间动力学机制分析后,提出城市环境可持续发展时空调控的层次途径,并构造了融合遥感、地理信息系统等空间信息技术、环境建模技术、决策支持系统、人工智能等技术的城市生态－环境系统时空调控的体系框架,为城市环境管理及环境空间决策提供新的理论范。     

Environmental restoration of invaded ecosystems: How much versus how often?

This paper derives the optimal level of restorative efforts required to restore environments degraded by invasive species invasion. Specific attention is focused on a case when restoration faces the risk of failure through relapse of the restored environment caused by repeat invasions. The level of restored environment may also play a role in its future improvement or susceptibility to failure. The tradeoff between the optimal level of environmental quality and number of restorative efforts required to attain that given environmental quality is highlighted.