Erosion Control at Construction Sites: The Science–Policy Gap

/ To test the effectiveness of Michigan's soil erosion control law, 30 construction sites were evaluated in the east-central part of the state. The analytical framework lumped nine best management practices (BMPs) most closely related to the law into three categories: slope stabilization, soil stabilization, and water management. All sites were in the land clearing or foundation/framing stage of construction and were evaluated within 2 days after a rainfall event. Only four of the sites performed above the mean of the scoring scale, with the categorical scoring of BMPs indicating the worst performance for slope stabilization measures. The poor results suggest a failure to integrate scientific knowledge of erosion control with policy. A fundamental problem is the lack of basic site data on soil, topography, and hydrology, resulting in the incorrect application of BMPs, such as staging, filter fences, and berms. The current institutional framework for soil erosion control also provides disincentives to mitigate local erosion problems.     

城市公共危机管理框架及系统平台研究

在分析公共危机特点和危机管理的关键问题的基础上,归纳了城市公共危机管理的9个主题,从组织结构、信息系统、应急计划、社会应对能力4个层面提炼出较为完整的、针对城市的公共危机管理框架。基于该框架,按照日常管理与应急管理相结合的要求,设计了城市公共危机管理系统平台概念模型,详细分析了系统各个模块之间的关系;并从危机监测分析和危机应急指挥两个层面具体研究了系统平台技术体系和建设方法。最后,对公共危机管理系统建设现状和未来研究重点进行了讨论。     

QUANTIFYING URBAN INTENSITY IN DRAINAGE BASINS FOR ASSESSING STREAM ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT: Three investigations are underway, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water‐Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, to study the relation between varying levels of urban intensity in drainage basins and in‐stream water quality, measured by physical, chemical, and biological factors. These studies are being conducted in the vicinities of Boston (Massachusetts), Salt Lake City (Utah), and Birmingham (Alabama), areas where rapid urbanization is occurring. For each study, water quality will be sampled in approximately 30 drainage basins that represent a gradient of urban intensity. This paper focuses on the methods used to characterize and select the basins used in the studies. It presents a methodology for limiting the variability of natural landscape characteristics in the potential study drainage basins and for ranking the magnitude of human influence, or urbanization, based on land cover, infrastructure, and socioeconomic data in potential study basins. Basin characterization efforts associated with the Boston study are described for illustrative purposes.     

基于ILBM的太湖饮用水源地管理研究——以苏州市为例

饮用水源地管理是全球关注的热点,安全的饮用水源供给依赖于不断完善的管理机制,湖泊流域综合管理(ILBM)可以为水源地管理的完善提供很好的框架。湖泊流域综合管理框架由管理组织、政策、公众参与、信息、科学技术和资金六要素构成。基于该框架,文章对苏州太湖水源地管理现状进行了分析和诊断。研究发现,苏州市太湖水源地管理存在缺乏有效的管理组织协调机制、缺乏经济激励型和教育与公众参与政策、公众参与水平低、信息可信赖度差、科学技术与地方需求结合不紧密、资金投入不稳定等问题。基于ILBM管理框架,提出了水源地管理优化的政策建议。     

Investment and the Policy Process in Conservation Monitoring

Despite decades of discussion and implementation, conservation monitoring remains a challenge. Many current solutions in the literature focus on improving the science or making more structured decisions. These insights are important but incomplete in accounting for the politics and economics of the conservation decisions informed by monitoring. Our novel depiction of the monitoring enterprise unifies insights from multiple disciplines (conservation, operations research, economics, and policy) and highlights many underappreciated factors that affect the expected benefits of monitoring. For example, there must be a strong link between the specific needs of decision makers and information gathering. Furthermore, the involvement of stakeholders other than scientists and research managers means that new information may not be interpreted and acted upon as expected. While answering calls for sharply delineated objectives will clearly add focus to monitoring efforts, for practical reasons, high‐level goals may purposefully be left vague, to facilitate other necessary steps in the policy process. We use the expanded depiction of the monitoring process to highlight problems of cooperation and conflict. We critique calls to invest in monitoring for the greater good by arguing that incentives are typically lacking. Although the benefits of learning accrued within a project (e.g., improving management) provide incentives for investing in some monitoring, it is unrealistic, in general, to expect managers to add potentially costly measures to generate shared benefits. In the traditional linear model of the role of science in policy decisions, monitoring reduces uncertainty and decision makers are rational, unbiased consumers of the science. However, conservation actions increasingly involve social conflict. Drawing insights from political science, we argue that in high‐conflict situations, it is necessary to address the conflict prior to monitoring. Las Inversiones y el Proceso de Políticas en el Monitoreo de la Conservación Sanchirico et al.     

环境容量与排污权的理论基础及制度框架分析

排污权制度是解决环境容量资源配置低效率的重要手段,可以实现环境容量资源的优化配置,已在一些国家运用,并取得一定成效,但在中国其仍处于试点的阶段,亟待理论研究的支撑。研究认为,物质平衡、外部性和产权构成了排污权制度的理论基础;排污权制度的构建和完善应着眼于制度构成的基本要素、制度特征和运行条件3个方面。     

People and biodiversity in the 21st century: This article belongs to Ambio’s 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Biodiversity conservation

Fifty years have elapsed since the first publication of Ambio. Throughout this period, fundamental changes have occurred in societal attitudes to biodiversity conservation. Ambio has published numerous papers that have aligned with these new approaches. High citations numbers suggest that Ambio papers have had a significant impact on conservation strategies. We review these publications and find that they align well with changed societal perspectives on biodiversity. Ambio papers have called for greater contributions of local and indigenous peoples and for conservation in multi-functional landscapes. The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity built on these principles. Negotiations are now underway for a post-2020 framework for biodiversity. Ambio papers have argued for a stronger scientific basis for conservation and for the need to adapt to changing conditions and to the rich diversity of societal preferences for conservation. International processes favor simple, generalizable approaches to conservation but we call for recognition of the diversity of ecological and human conditions in which conservation occurs. There is a need to build capacity to support a diversity of conservation approaches that are adapted to changing local conditions and to the priorities of diverse human societies.     

盐酸羟胺/铁基MOFs/过硫酸盐体系降解磺胺嘧啶

使用盐酸羟胺（HA）促进Fe （Ⅲ）/Fe （Ⅱ）循环,强化铁基金属有机骨架（Fe-MOFs）/过硫酸盐（PS）体系降解水中磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对Fe-MOFs进行结构和形貌的表征.探究了溶液初始pH值、PS浓度、Fe-MOFs投加量、HA浓度、SDZ浓度、共存离子、腐殖酸等对SDZ去除效果的影响,并考察了该体系的实际应用前景.结果表明,Fe-MOFs/PS/HA体系在较宽的初始pH值范围（3~6）内,对于SDZ的180min去除率可达到90.1%以上.适量的HA可以促进Fe-MOFs/PS体系降解SDZ的性能.自由基清扫实验和电子顺磁共振实验表明,Fe-MOFs/PS/HA体系降解SDZ的过程中产生了SO₄^-·、·OH、O₂^-·以及¹O₂.在本文考察范围内,Fe-MOFs/PS/HA体系对SDZ的降解性能随pH值（pH=3~6）升高逐渐下降;随着PS、HA、Fe-MOFs浓度的升高,SDZ去除率呈现率先上升后下降的趋势.氯离子、腐殖酸等因素对该体系应用于实际地表水存在负面作用,但HA可以强化该体系在自然环境下降解SDZ的效果.循环实验结果表明,Fe-MOFs具有良好的重复使用性,表现出了良好的应用潜力.     

基于要素流动的城镇建设用地配置方法框架探讨

现有城镇建设用地配置主要遵循空间开发导向,利用静态数据和用地分配标准、评估及预测模型开展,存在一定的“区域偏好”和“规模求大”现象。在强调生态文明建设和高质量发展的新时期,国土空间规划战略实施要求城镇建设用地配置方法需要及时革新。关注到信息或智能技术深度影响下未来城镇场所空间将转变为流动空间这一必然趋势,不同尺度生产、生活及生态要素时空流动与分配将是城镇建设用地科学配置的关键。因此,利用多源要素流大数据和多学科分析方法,试图从城镇空间发展水平评价、城镇要素流动网络时空模拟与用地分配、城镇要素功能区识别与开发边界划定、城镇建设用地配置效果动态评估4个方面,建立基于要素流动的城镇建设用地配置方法框架。结果表明：（1）城镇空间发展水平评价需要综合考虑城镇对区域现状要素控制、吸引及溢出的能力,并从空间发展规模、活力及品质三个层面构建评价指标体系;（2）在城镇建设用地指标区域分配过程中注重利用网络优化模型和社会网络分析方法刻画区域要素流动规律,并通过时空耦合模型找出不同等级和类型“空间发展水平—要素控制力”组合的城镇;（3）城镇未来扩展方向和边界形态是由内部各类要素流动变化与功能空间布局的供需时空匹配情况决定的,需要利用时空耦合、引力、CA及多智能体等模型识别要素功能影响区和流动偏好;（4）城镇建设用地配置效果评估指标需要体现生态文明、高质量、智慧治理及一体化等未来城镇发展要求和趋势。这些研究结果可以为国土空间规划城镇开发边界划定和实施提供参考。     

对建立第三方事故调查机制的探讨

事故调查的根本目的在于查找事故的可能原因并提出事故的预防措施,而事故调查的独立性对此根本目的起关键作用。我国安全生产管理体制建设起步较晚,事故管理机制发展不成熟,与国外先进事故调查理念相比,我国事故调查机制缺乏独立性的保障,主要表现在技术调查与司法调查未能分离、事故调查报告未能完全公开、事故调查的客观性保障不足,限制了我国事故调查水平的进一步提高。通过分析国外第三方事故调查的机制的优势并结合我国国情,从第三方事故调查的任务、人员编制、人员培训、责任与权利、法律义务等方面提出我国第三方事故调查机制的框架,并规划了构建第三方事故调查的三阶段进程及其主要内容,以逐步实现第三方事故调查的公正、客观、高效,更好地促进我国安全生产管理水平的提高。