Assessment of Pollution Near Landfill Site in Nagpur, India by Resistivity Imaging and GPR

Groundwater pollution in the vicinity of a landfill site in Nagpur, India is assessed with the help of resistivity imaging and GPR tools. The resistivity imaging survey indicates high conductive anomalies in the topsoil as well as the underlying fractured rocks. Significant reflections from the GPR records known as radargrams are extracted with the help of maximum peak module and Hilbert transform module in RADAN 6. These reflections can be attributed to presence of fractures, which are potential pathways for migration of the fluid. The geophysical findings are strengthened by the results of groundwater analysis from wells located close to the profile where resistivity and GPR survey have been carried out. The study has indicated the vulnerability of the unconfined aquifer underlying the predominantly clay layer.     

非均质含水土层中石油运移的电阻率监测

通过自制三维有机玻璃水槽建立非均质土层,设立浅层和内部两个泄漏点,模拟流动相原油在含水土层中的运移及水位波动条件下的重分布过程,并利用自制高密度电极排及电法仪揭示相应的电阻率响应特征.结果表明：原油在土壤中运移受泄漏源位置、泄漏量及土层结构的影响.同一土层内部泄漏点横向扩散较垂向明显,浅层泄漏点为四周扩散,泄漏量越大污染范围越宽,土层渗透性越高污染深度越深.原油泄漏后存在高阻和低阻异常2种情况,土层结构简单且含油率较高时高阻异常明显;土层组分较复杂尤其是盐分和粘土矿物含量较高,或含水率和含油率较低时,易出现低阻异常.水位升高后土层整体电阻率降低,原油向污染区中心集中;水位下降后电阻率升高,原油向四周分散,水位波动使原油进一步弥散.受内部泄漏点影响,垂向深度上离泄漏点越近（0.08m）污染越重,除此之外泄漏点下部（0.15m）原油含量高于上部（0.04m）,显示内部泄漏点原油下移较上移明显.     

Large-scale effects on resistivity index of porous media

The estimation of humidity in the unsaturated zone of soils and NAPL saturation in contaminated aquifers may be based on the interpretation of electrical resistivity index logs. In the present work, concepts of the theory of the two-phase flow in pore networks are employed to interpret the form of the equilibrium and dynamic resistivity index curves of large porous samples. A resistivity cell is constructed to measure the capillary and electrical properties of large samples of unconsolidated porous media. The drainage capillary pressure and resistivity index curves of a sand column are measured by using the micropore membrane (porous plate) method, where a 0.5% wt/vol NaCl aqueous solution is displaced by n-dodecane. The dynamic resistivity index curves are measured by using the continuous injection technique for various orientations of the sand column. Based on concepts of the two-phase flow theory, concerning the dominant displacement growth pattern in a pore network and arising from the cooperative effects of capillary, buoyancy, and viscous forces, approximate relationships are developed for the resistivity index and saturation exponent as functions of the water saturation. The saturation exponent decreases as the displacement advances and the fluid distribution across the sand column tends to be homogenized after oil breakthrough. Both the resistivity index and saturation exponent increase as the displacement pattern tends to become compact and stable. In the destabilized flow pattern, as the Bond number decreases, the resistivity index may increase respectably within a narrow range of values of the Bond number. This happens when the thickness of the unstable capillary finger exceeds the lateral dimension of the porous sample and becomes a fractal percolation cluster. The saturation exponent becomes almost constant and independent of water saturation only over the destabilized displacement pattern at high values of the Bond number.