污水生物处理单元能量平衡与分析方法研究与应用

在提出污染物内能概念的基础上，对污水生物处理工艺能量平衡和分析的原理与方法进行了探讨，建立了能量平衡研究的基本模型。据此对国内四座不同工艺的城市污水处理厂进行了生物处理单元的能量衡算，并采用两类指标对处理单元耗能状况进行了评价。应用能量平衡分析方法可进行处理工艺的设计遴选和建成后运转效果的评判，以及指导处理厂有针对性地采取节能降耗措施。     

暴雨径流固态污染物旋流分离研究

旋流分离技术在暴雨径流污染控制中的应用是一项新兴的污染控制技术。本文结合滇池流域暴雨径流中固态污染物构成的特征，利用传统的旋流分离技术和复合流场旋流分离技术来实现暴雨径流中固态污染物的去除。通过现场试验，探讨了旋流分离技术的主要技术参数以及他们之间的内在联系。     

臭氧氧化去除二级出水中PPCPs的研究

药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs)是一类痕量、顽固的新兴有机污染物,采用传统水处理工艺不易去除,需深度处理。采用批量试验方法,研究了臭氧氧化二级出水中添加的19种PPCPs的去除效果,考察了臭氧投加量、p H值、自由基抑制剂对去除效率的影响,并根据氧化产物推断可能的反应途径。结果表明,在原水水样p H=7.1条件下,臭氧质量浓度为1.2 mg/L时,能有效去除大多数PPCPs。其中,抗生素类PPCPs和个人防护类PPCPs的去除率分别达到了68%和70%,而雷尼替汀和噻苯咪唑去除效果不明显,仅为17.73%和12.3%。增加臭氧投加量或提高反应p H值会显著提高除雷尼替汀和噻苯咪唑外的PPCPs去除率。加入的自由基抑制剂对臭氧氧化PPCPs有明显抑制作用。PPCPs的氧化降解产物有机酸会降低反应p H值,进而影响PPCPs的去除效果。     

Monograph on desilting basins sizes estimation for hydropower projects

At times, various analytical and empirical approaches used to estimate the initial sizing of a desilting basin in a hydropower project would give very different results and the designer has to take a call judiciously. The purpose of this study is to develop a monograph based on Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization and Gravitational Search algorithm for a practical range of depth of desilting basins. The parameters commonly used in hydropower projects for estimation of desilting basins sizing and its efficiency are used in this study. The outcome is further verified using a list of mega hydropower projects. This study will be useful in fixing the best optimized dimension of desilting basins.     

Further studies on the influence of zeolite type A on metal transfer in the activated sludge process

Investigations were carried out to determine the effect of zeolite type A on metal removal by activated sludge using laboratory activated sludge simulations. They were operated at constant aerator sludge age and settler surface loading. Different concentrations of raw zeolite and zeolite extracted from washing powder (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 mgl^?1) were introduced into the simulations. The zeolite was added at two degrees of calcium exchanged for sodium, 25 and 75% of the maximum exchange capacity. Metals were added at concentrations typical of mixed domestic-industrial waste waters. The results show that there was no adverse effect on metal removal by the laboratory activated sludge simulations in the presence of zeolite type A.     

全绿吊兰茎叶系统净化室内甲醛及其生理指标变化

为了对全绿吊兰盆栽茎叶系统净化室内空气甲醛污染的效率及其叶片各生理指标的变化特征进行全面研究,采用动态熏蒸系统在甲醛环境下对全绿吊兰进行长达7 d的熏蒸处理,分析盆栽茎叶系统在不同时间段内对空气中甲醛的去除率及熏蒸后叶片的生理变化特性.结果表明,全绿吊兰盆栽茎叶系统在φ（甲醛）为1×10-6、5×10-6及8×10-6时对空气中甲醛的平均去除率分别为54.4%、48.2%和30.7%,并且白天的去除率（71.1%±0.2%）明显高于夜间（36.2%±0.2%）,下午的去除率（60.0%±0.0%）高于上午（50.7%±0.1%）,熏蒸后期的去除率（57.0%±0.2%）高于前期（51.9%±0.3%）.对熏蒸后全绿吊兰盆栽叶片的生理指标测定结果表明,与对照组相比,除了叶片中w（叶绿素）和CAT活性下降外,其余生理指标均表现为上升,其中,电导率和H₂O₂含量的变化最大,φ（甲醛）为8×10-6时分别提高了165.8%和522.2%,而抗氧化酶总活性的增强有效地清除了积累的氧化物,维持了全绿吊兰盆栽的正常生长.另外,经过8×10-6的甲醛熏蒸后,与对照组相比,叶片表面气孔形态变得更加细小狭长甚至完全闭合,但是全绿吊兰盆栽的茎叶外观并无明显受损症状,而且叶片中MDA含量与T-AOC活性在熏蒸后15 d时基本能恢复至正常水平.研究显示,全绿吊兰盆栽对甲醛具有较高的去除能力且有较强的抗耐性及自愈能力,其叶片中各项生理指标的变化则反映了全绿吊兰盆栽与甲醛之间的相互反应机制.      

碳排放约束下的农业生产效率及其空间格局——基于河南省65个村庄的调查

基于村庄尺度探索碳排放约束下的农业生产效率,对于差别化的低碳农业生产模式的选择具有一定的理论和实践意义。基于河南省65个村庄的调查数据,对不同样点的农业碳排放进行了核算,并采用Super-SBM模型分析了碳排放约束下的农业生产效率的差异。结果表明：河南省农业碳排放强度呈现“南北高,中间低”的空间分布格局,这主要受种植结构、农业生产条件、人类各项投入等因素的影响;碳排放约束下的河南省农业生产效率具有较大的空间差异,根据农业生产效率和碳排放强度的关系,可将样点村庄分为低碳高效村、高碳低效村、高碳高效村和低碳低效村四种类型。其中高碳低效村和低碳低效村的比例较大。建议未来应加强农业规模化经营、减少能源和物资投入、完善农业基础设施、推广节水节能新技术,在提高农业生产效率的同时推动农业低碳发展。     

高质量发展下长江经济带生态效率及影响因素

构建NSUSBM-SFA-NSUSBM-Tobit的4阶段分析框架,基于长江经济带2007~2016年107个城市的面板数据,运用全局DEA技术计算了不可分离假设下城市的生态效率,同时通过3阶段DEA模型,将自然因素引入效率测算中.使用Tobit模型,结合新发展理念,定量分析了高质量发展视角下城市生态效率的影响因素.研究表明,2007~2016年间,不考虑各城市环境差异时,长江经济带综合生态效率均值由0.288增至0.617,增幅114.24%,于2011年跨过了0.4的低质量发展阶段,但低于0.8的高质量发展标准,湖南省增速最快,涨幅213.85%;考虑环境差异后,长江经济带综合生态效率均值由0.150增至0.395,涨幅163.33%,其中上海市增速最快,涨幅311.52%,上海、江苏与浙江的综合效率在大部分年份排名前3位,江西、贵州与云南则排名后3位.创新、城乡协调、政府环境投资、引进外资与推进城镇化均有助于提升城市生态效率.     

Drought can offset potential water use efficiency of forest ecosystems from rising atmospheric CO2

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ is both leading to climate change and providing a potential fertilisation effect on plant growth. However, southern Australia has also experienced a significant decline in rainfall over the last 30 years, resulting in increased vegetative water stress. To better understand the dynamics and responses of Australian forest ecosystems to drought and elevated CO₂, the magnitude and trend in water use efficiency (WUE) of forests, and their response to drought and elevated CO₂ from 1982 to 2014 were analysed, using the best available model estimates constrained by observed fluxes from simulations with fixed and time-varying CO₂. The ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET) (WUEe) was used to identify the ecosystem scale WUE, while the ratio of GPP to transpiration (Tr) (WUEc) was used as a measure of canopy scale WUE. WUE increased significantly in northern Australia (p < 0.001) for woody savannas (WSA), whereas there was a slight decline in the WUE of evergreen broadleaf forests (EBF) in the southeast and southwest of Australia. The lag of WUEc to drought was consistent and relatively short and stable between biomes (≤3 months), but notably varied for WUEe, with a long time-lag (mean of 10 months). The dissimilar responses of WUEe and WUEc to climate change for different geographical areas result from the different proportion of Tr in ET. CO₂ fertilization and a wetter climate enhanced WUE in northern Australia, whereas drought offset the CO₂ fertilization effect in southern Australia.     

我国农村生活污水污染排放及环境治理效率

当前我国农村生活污水治理形势依然严峻.利用第二次全国污染源普查成果,分析了我国2017年农村生活污水排放情况,并基于熵值法和数据包络分析（DEA）模型从技术效率、经济效率两个角度对治理效率进行评价.结果表明:①我国农村生活污水中COD排放量约占生活源排放总量的50.8%,NH₃-N、TN和TP排放量分别占生活源排放总量的35.0%、30.5%、38.7%,污水及污染物排放去向以直排入水体、直排入农田和其他途径为主,三者占80%以上.②我国沿海用水量较大地区的水冲式厕所比例超过80%,且农村生活污水有效治理比例仅为11.0%,导致我国农村生活污水治理的技术效率仅为8.6%,且区域差异较大,其中有23个省份小于10%,技术效率普遍较低.③相比浙江省、上海市、山西省、内蒙古自治区、青海省、西藏自治区等地（经济效率均为1）,我国其他省份农村生活污水治理的经济效率有很大改善空间.农村生活污水中人均COD排放强度、人均NH₃-N排放强度与农村居民人均可支配收入之间的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）均呈一定的倒“U”型关系,人均TN排放强度、人均TP排放强度与农村居民人均可支配收入之间的EKC则均呈“N”型特征,有波动上升趋势.研究显示,我国农村生活污水治理效率存在较大的提升空间,与城镇相比,农村的环境保护基础设施建设还比较落后,应以源头减量、分类处理、循环利用为导向,加强统筹规划,梯次推进,加快提升我国农村污水治理水平.